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International Conference on Communications

A Simulation Framework for Performance and Security Analysis of the SARG04 Quantum Key Distribution Protocol under Two Attack Strategies

Francesco Fiorini, Rosario Giuseppe Garroppo, Michele Pagano, Samuele Pini

Published May 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/icc59461.2026.11588183

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Secure communication is crucial for intelligent infrastructure networks, especially in the field of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. Real-time information ex change between vehicles is the cornerstone of traffic safety and intelligent decision making. However, existing V2X communication systems primarily rely on classical cryptographic security mechanisms, while the rapid development of quantum com puting fundamentally threatens their security guarantees. Quantum key distribu tion (QKD), based on the no-cloning principle of quantum mechanics, is considered a promising technology against quantum attacks. However, most existing studies focus on theoretical security analysis or static fiber optic transmission scenarios, lacking systematic evaluation of the complete QKD protocol workflow in highly dynamic V2X environments. To fill research gaps, this thesis constructs a vehicle-to-vehicle quantum key distribution (V2V-QKD) framework based on the Veins simulation platform, integrated with OMNeT++ and SUMO. The framework implements qubit preparation and trans mission, measurement, quantum bit error rate (QBER) estimation, error correction, and privacy amplification, aiming to evaluate the feasibility and robustness of QKD in dynamic V2V communication scenarios. This thesis designs two sets of experiments. The first set of experiments evaluates parameter robustness by varying the number of qubits transmitted in a single session and analyzing its impact on quantum error rate (QBER), final key length, and key generation rate. Experimental results show that when 𝑁raw = 800, the system achieves a favorable balance between QBER estimation stability and key generation reliability. The second set of experiments compares the performance of BB84 and SARG04 under gradually increasing eavesdropping and attack intensity. Results show that under no eavesdropping conditions, BB84 can stably generate longer keys, but its performance degrades significantly under attacks; while SARG04 generates shorter keys under ideal conditions, but remains relatively stable under increased attack interference. Comprehensive results demonstrate that, under optimized configuration, QKD can provide stable and secure key generation for V2V communication. Furthermore, an adaptive protocol selection strategy enhances system-level security resilience. This thesis verifies the feasibility of QKD in vehicular network environments and provides an experimental foundation and design reference for secure vehicular communication systems capable of withstanding quantum-era threats.
In the contemporary quantum world, all the things depend on upcoming quantum technology because of its effectiveness and robustness on deploying it in certain devices. An important use of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises strong security by utilising quantum mechanical properties. However, real-world attack strategies have created practical vulnerabilities. The practical security analysis of intercept-and-resend attacks over continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) and discrete variable quantum key distribution (DV-QKD) protocols is investigated in this work. The simulation models can be developed using custom NumPy and QuTip, we systematically analyze the protocols performance under changing channel losses and attack probabilities for the successful emulation of quantum communication processes. In order to evaluate protocol robustness, our study assesses key security measures such as Key generation rate and channel loss exemplified by simulation over QKD protocols. Our simulation testbed shows the sensitivity of the protocols to Intercept-and-Resend (IR) attacks and recognize under various environments where the security premises breakdown. The main objective of this work is to bridge the research gap between quantum theoretic security and its deployment in real-world communication networks, provides a clear insight into the design and development of more sophisticated quantum secure framework.