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Real-time Measurements, Rogue Phenomena, and Single-Shot Applications

Quantum temporal optics

Moti Fridman, Eliahu Cohen

Published Mar 19, 2025• 0 citations

Abstract

In this proceeding, we expand upon our recent work on the temporal Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, focusing on the joint temporal function (JSF) analysis to enhance the sensitivity and understanding of the system’s performance. Our original paper demonstrated the existence of a temporal analog of the Aharonov-Bohm effect using entangled photons and a temporal SU(1,1) interferometer. Here, we provide a more detailed exploration of the JSF, highlighting its role in improving signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and its impact on measuring fast phase changes with enhanced temporal resolution. By leveraging the quantum properties of the system and utilizing the JSF between the signal and idler beams, we show that this approach allows for unprecedented sensitivity in detecting temporal phase shifts. This proceeding will also discuss how the JSF contributes to the interferometer’s ability to resolve femto-second dynamics and its potential applications for simulating space-time phenomena, including rotating black holes and gravitational frame dragging. Our analysis offers deeper insights into the interplay between the quantum characteristics of the system and its utility for high-precision measurements in spatio-temporal dynamics.

DOI: 10.1117/12.3047779

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In the Aharonov-Bohm effect, charged particles accumulate a phase as they travel in space, encircling a source of magnetic flux. We develop a temporal analog of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, where the photons' path is in the time-domain instead of the spatial domain, and moreover demonstrate it experimentally with entangled photon pairs rather than single, uncorrelated quanta. Relying on the temporal SU(1,1) interferometer, the constructed interferometric scheme excels in its temporal resolution and sensitivity. This system can be applied for quantum-enhanced measurements, metrology at GHz frequencies, advanced sensing of dispersion properties, and high-precision temporal measurements.

Temporal optics revolutionize the field of ultrafast detection with time-lens and time-stretch schemes. We developed a temporal interferometer that enables us to measure ultrafast phase shifts. With this interferometer, we measured phase shifts of correlated beams traveling in different temporal trajectories. This allows us to demonstrate the Aharonov-Bohm effect in the time domain. We developed the theoretical basis of this temporal Aharonov-Bohm effect and showed it in experimental measurements. In the talk, we will explain this effect, describe the experimental setup, and show the results.

This manuscript introduces and shares MATLAB code for simulating the behavior of a temporal SU(1,1) interferometer, offering a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field. The provided code facilitates comprehensive simulations of the interferometer’s dynamics, enabling the exploration of its response to various parameters and scenarios. The simulations delve into the interferometer’s performance, emphasizing its sensitivity to ultrafast phase changes and its concurrent operation in both the time and spectral domains. By making the MATLAB code openly available, this contribution aims to foster collaboration, enhance reproducibility, and serve as a foundational tool for researchers delving into the design and analysis of temporal SU(1,1) interferometers. The manuscript provides detailed documentation on code usage, empowering users to adapt and extend the simulations for their specific research inquiries.

Interferometers are highly sensitive to phase differences and are utilized in numerous schemes. Of special interest is the quantum SU(1,1) interferometer which is able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers. We theoretically develop and experimentally demonstrate a temporal SU(1,1) interferometer based on two time lenses in a 4f configuration. This temporal SU(1,1) interferometer has a high temporal resolution, imposes interference on both time and spectral domains, and is sensitive to the phase derivative which is important for detecting ultrafast phase changes. Therefore, this interferometer can be utilized for temporal mode encoding, imaging, and studying the ultrafast temporal structure of quantum light.

Quantum interferometers are able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers beyond the shot-noise limit. This is done by employing squeezed states of light and destructive interference of the noise in the system. We developed a quantum SU(1,1) interferometer in the time domain. Our nonlinear quantum interferometer creates interference of the input signals at different times and frequencies. We can control the time and frequency differences for investigating the full temporal and spectral structure of the signal. This quantum interferometer can be utilized for sensing ultrafast phase changes, quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and studying the temporal structure of entangled photons.

Time-lenses can image ultrafast signals in time. Placing them in a 2-f configuration leads to Fourier transform of the input signal and ultrafast spectroscopy. We utilized two time-lenses in a 4-f configuration and formed an interferometer in the time domain. Our time lenses are based on four-wave mixing process, generating an idler beam which serves as the output. The output from the first time-lens is the input to the second time-lens. At the output of the second time-lens, we get an interference between the signal beams of both time-lenses and the idler beams of both time-lenses. This interference is sensitive to ultrafast phase shifts in time and can lead to interfere signals in different times. This interferometer is good for quantum imaging, and studying the temporal structure of entangled photons. In this talk we will demonstrate the interferometer, how we exploit time-lenses for interferometry, the application of the interferometer, and our experimental results.