Based on physical laws and the " Unified Theory of Physics," this paper re-proves the essence of the quantization of particle spin angular momentum under the mechanism of prior magnetic field action, providing a rigorous theoretical explanation for our experimental results. Furthermore, based on our research, we propose a more efficient experimental method for capturing neutrinos, which involves aligning the spin direction of particles in the experimental material strictly parallel to the spin direction of neutrinos to induce the identical particle effect of spin angular momentum between neutrinos and particles.
Based on physical laws and the " Unified Theory of Physics," this paper re-proves the essence of the quantization of particle spin angular momentum under the mechanism of prior magnetic field action, providing a rigorous theoretical explanation for our experimental results. Furthermore, based on our research, we propose a more efficient experimental method for capturing neutrinos, which involves aligning the spin direction of particles in the experimental material strictly parallel to the spin direction of neutrinos to induce the identical particle effect of spin angular momentum between neutrinos and particles.
Intrinsic spin is a core foundational concept of quantum mechanics and the Standard Model of particle physics. It is regarded as an inherent property of fermions, based on which core laws such as spin angular momentum conservation and lepton number conservation have been established. However, through an experimental traceability and logical deduction of the spin concept, this paper finds that the spins of electrons and protons have never been directly measured. All spin conclusions are indirectly inferred from the macroscopic magnetic effects of neutral atoms and atomic nuclei. In beta decay, protons and neutrinos with a mass difference of more than 6 orders of magnitude participate in conservation with the same spin quantum number, which is only a formal numerical matching and lacks support from real physical mechanisms. The inclusion of neutrinos in the lepton family is essentially a post-hoc expansion to satisfy conservation laws, rather than an essential classification based on the origin of matter. In response to these contradictions, this paper proposes a classical orbital circulation magnetism model: the essence of atomic magnetic moment is the circulation effect formed by electrons orbiting the nucleus, and there is no "intrinsic spin" independent of the orbit. The energy level splitting in the Stern-Gerlach experiment is the statistical result of the orientation of the instantaneous orbital angular momentum of the s orbital in a magnetic field, rather than the manifestation of the intrinsic spin of electrons. Based on this model, this paper further explains the microscopic mechanism of ferromagnetism: whether the atomic magnetic moment can be reversed by an external magnetic field depends on the degree of orbital confinement. Inner orbitals are too strongly bound to turn, while the outermost free electron orbitals have too weak coupling to maintain orientation. Only the sub-outer orbitals of iron group elements are in the critical interval of "reversible and maintainable", thus exhibiting ferromagnetism. This model can self-consistently explain related experimental phenomena without introducing ad-hoc quantum concepts such as intrinsic spin and exchange interaction, and provides an alternative explanation path of classical mechanics for electromagnetic and magnetic phenomena. (本文在英文正文后附有完整中文版,内容与结构完全一致。)
The concept of electron spin has a broad application prospect. However, after a century of efforts, the essence and specific form of electron spin have not been revealed. The reason is probably that it is constrained by the concept of point particle material structure. In order to solve the problem, one way to initiate the quantum mechanics revolution on the concept of material structure is to establish the concept of wave element material structure. Assuming that the composition of electrons is waves, the inherent motion of electrons (the spin of free electrons) is "the rotation of mass equivalent to the energy of waves". This rotation is not the rotation of a sphere, but similar to the rotation of a ring-shaped substance along a ring. This assumption breaks the concept of point particle structure. According to it, the angular kinetic energy and spin magnetic moment of electrons can be accurately calculated by classical force electrodynamics method. Other applications are also very successful, which has led to the revolution of quantum mechanics and material structure theory. The electron spin magnetic moment and electron spin angular momentum both originate from the motion of the waves that make up the electrons along the phase trajectory, providing a highly unified explanation for the fact that "discrete waves make up localized electrons and electrons have spin magnetic moments".
Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei. It is wildly believed that spin is a purely quantum mechanical concept and has no classical analogue. In fact, elementary particles are conceived as point objects which have no axis to “spin” around. Therefore, there is no explaining how spin arises at the fundamental level, why particles have the values they do, and what underpins the Pauli Exclusion principle and Bose-Einstein behavior. However, spin is like a vector quantity; it has a definite magnitude, and it has a “direction”, in order to spin should be composite. In this paper we propose a physical explanation for spin of the electron at the sub-particle level, relying on the vortex model of the electron. The electron is described as a superfluid frictionless vortex which has a mass, angular momentum and spin to provide a complete explanation of all properties of the electron: it composite, spinning around its own axis, produces a tiny magnetic fields independent of those from its orbital motions. The classical hydrodynamic laws are used to describe the quantum properties of the electron, such as spin, angular momentum, magnetic momentum and a magnetic dipole. The circulation in the vortex is constant, and the angular momentum of the vortex is conserved and has the same value of Planck constant. The direction of the angular momentum of a spinning electron vortex is along the axis of rotation and determined by the direction of spin. The spin quantum number 1/2 has a fixed value which represents the gap between the circulation rate of the core of the vortex and the boundaries of the vortex. The changeable values +1/2 “spin-up” or -1/2 “spin-down” indicate the direction of the magnetic dipole of the vortex. The relation between spin and Planck constant is discussed and the origin h/4pi angular momentum units are revealed.
Spin is well known to be an intrinsically relativistic property of particles. Nonetheless its effects are seen in many physical situations which are not obviously relativistic, perhaps the most obvious examples being magnets and the quantum mechanically permitted electronic configurations of the elements in the periodic table. The view of spin adopted in these and other problems is that the electron has a quantized spin ( s = 1/2) and that is a fundamental tenet of the theory, rather than something that has to be explained. In this chapter we are going to discuss the behaviour of spin-1/2 particles (electrons, protons and neutrons for example) without much direct reference to relativistic quantum theory and the origins of spin. This chapter should be instructive in its own right and as a guide to understanding spin when we come to discuss it in a fully relativistic context at various stages throughout this book. Unless otherwise specified, we will refer to electrons, but it should be borne in mind that the theory is equally applicable to any spin-1/2 particle. Students of quantum theory cannot delve very deeply into the subject without coming across the quantization of angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum usually surfaces in the theory leading up to the quantum description of the hydrogen atom.
The theory of angular momentum and spin in quantum mechanics seems to defy common-sense intuition.We render the theory intelligible again by pointing out that this apparent impenetrability merely stems from an {\em undue} parallel interpretation of the algebraic expressions for the angular-momentum and spin operators in the group representation theory of SO(3) and SU(2). E.g. the correct meaning of the quantumoperator L^z=ℏ(x∂y∂−y∂x∂) is not that it is the operatorfor the z-component Lz of the angular momentum L, but rather the expression of the operator for the angular momentum L when it is aligned with the z-axis. Hence what we are used to note (erroneously) as L^z is not a scalar but a vector operator.The same applies{\em mutatis mutandis} for the spin operators. In the correct interpretation, the wholealgebraic formalism is just the group representation theory for the rotationsof three-dimensional Euclidean geometry. It is thus mere,elementary high-school mathematics (in a less usual, more technical guise) and as such totally exempt of any physics, let alone quantum mysteries.The change of interpretation has no impact on the algebraic results, such that they remain in agreement with experimental data and the algebra quantum mechanics remains correct. It is all only a matter of the correct geometrical meaning of the algebra.All these statements are proved within the framework of the group representation theory for SO(3) and SU(2) which is the basic tool used to describe rotational motion in quantum mechanics.
Abstract Experimental data sometimes fails to render the expected truth, such as high-speed bullets smashing into pieces on a water surface cannot verify the water’s hardness. By re-examining the essence underneath quantum phenomena and analyzing their relevance to universal classical theory, this study has thoroughly revealed the classical counterpart of spin. Subsequently, the equivalence between spin angular momentum (of energy or charge) and vorticity flux (of energy or charge) has also been unveiled, thus intuitively clarifying many abstruse physical concepts, like spin magnetic moment, virtual electron, relativistic time dilation, neutrino chirality, quark origin, and fundamental interactions (including gravitons). From now on, almost all quantum puzzles (e.g., wave-particle duality, quantum entanglement, Schrödinger’s cat) can be understood classically, just as prominent physicists such as Planck, Einstein, and Schrödinger longed for back then. This paper can be considered a blueprint of the Theory of Everything (TOE).