This paper presents a thorough overview of both classical and quantum cryptography in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Which are becoming an increasingly important components of smart transportation system. As secure communication over these networks is crucial, this overview looks at recent advances in quantum cryptography in addition to a range of conventional cryptographic techniques, such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption. We analyze these methods in terms of security, effectiveness, and usability for VANET scenarios through review of the entirety of available literature. Additionally, we go over the particular security issues that VANETs present. As quantum computing capabilities advance, our analysis reveals the advantages and disadvantages of each cryptographic paradigm, providing insights into how classical cryptographic still offers workable solutions today while quantum cryptography hold promise for future proof security. The purpose of these observations is direct future studies and advancement in safe vehicle communication.
This paper presents a thorough overview of both classical and quantum cryptography in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Which are becoming an increasingly important components of smart transportation system. As secure communication over these networks is crucial, this overview looks at recent advances in quantum cryptography in addition to a range of conventional cryptographic techniques, such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption. We analyze these methods in terms of security, effectiveness, and usability for VANET scenarios through review of the entirety of available literature. Additionally, we go over the particular security issues that VANETs present. As quantum computing capabilities advance, our analysis reveals the advantages and disadvantages of each cryptographic paradigm, providing insights into how classical cryptographic still offers workable solutions today while quantum cryptography hold promise for future proof security. The purpose of these observations is direct future studies and advancement in safe vehicle communication.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) connect numerous vehicles, allowing efficient vehicle-to-vehicle communication through a dedicated network. The dynamic connectivity of VANETs facilitates spontaneous communication among diverse vehicles, enabling real-time exchange of crucial information like traffic conditions, road hazards, and other pertinent data. This collaborative network enhances road safety and traffic efficiency by enabling vehicles to share information and adapt to changing conditions in their proximity, ultimately improving the overall transportation system. This paper proposes an authentication protocol designed to be unconditionally secure against quantum attacks. The research delves into integrating quantum authentication with blockchain technology to establish a secure framework for VANETs. We introduce a quantum blockchain framework focused on bolstering the security of VANETs. The paper provides a thorough analysis of the potential of quantum blockchain in addressing common security threats in VANETs, including data tampering, eavesdropping, and unauthorized access.
As autonomous vehicle networks become integral to modern transportation and critical infrastructure, ensuring the security of their communication systems is paramount. This paper presents a groundbreaking exploration of Quantum Cryptography as a robust framework for achieving unprecedented levels of security in autonomous vehicle networks. Our research delves into the vulnerabilities of classical cryptographic methods in the face of emerging quantum computing threats, emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in securing autonomous vehicle communications. Leveraging the principles of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), we propose a novel quantum cryptographic architecture tailored to the unique dynamics and requirements of autonomous vehicle networks. The study includes the design, simulation, and analysis of a quantum cryptographic protocol employing QKD for secure key exchange. Through extensive simulations using state-of-the-art quantum computing simulators, we demonstrate the resilience of our proposed system against potential quantum attacks, ensuring a level of security that goes beyond the capabilities of classical cryptographic approaches. Furthermore, we address the practical aspects of implementing Quantum Cryptography in autonomous vehicle networks, including considerations for real-world deployment, scalability, and integration with existing communication protocols. Our findings not only establish the viability of Quantum Cryptography in this context but also pave the way for a new era of secure and resilient autonomous systems. In conclusion, this paper not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of Quantum Cryptography in the realm of autonomous vehicles but also provides actionable insights for the development of secure communication infrastructures critical to the widespread adoption of autonomous technologies.
The advent of quantum computers makes asymmetric cryptographic algorithms insecure and vulnerable. A promising solution to ensure the continued security attributes of confidentiality, integrity, and availability is the use of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms. The adoption of quantum-safe algorithms takes place at a vastly different pace in different industries. In some industries, adoption processes are slow due to the required adaptation of regulations and standards. At the same time, long-lived products with non-PQC algorithms are more likely to become insecure during their lifetime. Vehicles are a prime example of long-lived products where the adoption of PQC proceeds slowly. When quantum computers are able to break relevant key lengths of asymmetric cryptography and, thus, render current vehicle systems insecure, vehicles that are developed and produced today will most likely remain in use. In this work, we provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the current migration state of PQC algorithms in the automotive area. We address use cases involving asymmetric cryptography in the automotive context that face the challenge of adapting PQC, such as internal vehicle networks, manufacturer-specific communication, and vehicle-to-everything communication. In addition, we review the standards concerning vehicle security and their relevance to PQC. Finally, we identify and discuss open research challenges regarding the adoption of PQC in the automotive domain and further steps towards quantum-safe vehicles.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems that rely on the computational hardness of mathematical problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. In this context, quantum cryptography has emerged as a promising paradigm for secure communication based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics rather than on computational assumptions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of quantum cryptography, with a particular focus on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), the most mature application. The study discusses the theoretical foundations of quantum security, including superposition, entanglement, and the No-cloning theorem, which collectively enable eavesdropping detection and guarantee information-theoretic security. Furthermore, the review examines major QKD protocols, such as BB84 and E91, as well as their advanced variants designed to address practical vulnerabilities and enhance performance. Recent progress in real-world implementations, including fiber-optic networks, free-space communication, and satellite-based systems such as the Micius satellite, is also analyzed. In addition, the paper highlights critical challenges related to scalability, hardware limitations, and security loopholes arising from imperfect devices. Finally, emerging research directions, including hybrid cryptographic frameworks that integrate quantum and post-quantum approaches, are discussed to provide insights into the future of secure communication. This review aims to provide a structured, up-to-date understanding of quantum cryptography, bridging the gap between theoretical developments and practical implementations, and emphasizing its crucial role in shaping next-generation cybersecurity systems.
The rise of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has led to an increased reliance on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication networks to ensure real-time information sharing, situational awareness, and cooperative decision-making. However, the integration of quantum computing into cybersecurity threatens the cryptographic foundations upon which current V2V communication protocols rely. As quantum computers grow closer to practical implementation, traditional public-key encryption schemes—such as RSA and ECC—are rendered vulnerable to attacks from quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s. This review explores the necessity of adopting quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols to secure V2V communication frameworks. The study critically examines post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial, and isogeny-based schemes, with a focus on their applicability to latency-sensitive and resource-constrained vehicular environments. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the performance, scalability, and implementation challenges of integrating these cryptographic primitives into real-time autonomous systems. Case studies of pilot implementations and emerging research are reviewed to highlight the practicality of these protocols in vehicular edge computing and 5G-enabled automotive networks. The paper concludes by proposing a forward-looking roadmap for standardization and integration of quantum-resilient cryptography in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), ensuring long-term data integrity, authentication, and privacy across V2V infrastructures.
Abstract As the consequences of Internet of Things (IoT) failures may be severe, research on IoT security issues is of great significance. It is a fact that the increasing number of IoT devices brings security concerns. Encryption measures to address these emerging and growing security problems have been studied. Encryption methods have been seen primarily in the field of quantum cryptography. According to this advanced modern cryptography technique, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and analyzed. This literature review is committed to providing solutions for IoT security problems with quantum cryptography techniques when questioning their feasibility. Some possible future research directions are proposed.