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Acta Physica Sinica

Tripartite all-optical quantum steering swapping based on four-wave mixing process

Xiaoling Li, Shuqin Zhai, Kui Liu

Published Jan 1, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum resource swapping is crucial for establishing quantum networks and achieving efficient quantum communication and it allows quantum resources to be shared and allocated between nodes in a quantum network, thereby enhancing network flexibility and quantum information processing capabilities. Quantum steering is a special type of quantum correlation that exhibits unique asymmetry compared with quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality. This asymmetry enables quantum steering swapping to establish one-way or two-way asymmetry quantum steering between two independent optical modes, which is crucial for constructing asymmetric quantum networks. In this work, an all-optical quantum steering swapping scheme is proposed based on tripartite entangled state and bipartite entangled state. The all-optical scheme does not involve optic-electro conversion nor electro-optic conversion, but utilizes a low-noise, high-bandwidth four-wave mixing process to achieve the function of Bell state measurement in traditional schemes without measurement. After the steering swapping operation, the two originally independent entangled states without direct interaction generate quantum steering. In this work, two swapping schemes in the four-wave mixing processes, combined with linear beam splitter and nonlinear beam splitter, are investigated. By analyzing the steering characteristics of the output modes, both schemes exhibit varieties of multipartite steering types. By adjusting the transmissivity of the linear beam splitter and the gain of the four-wave mixing process, the steering relationship can be flexibly manipulated to achieve one-way and two-way asymmetry steering. This provides new possibilities for one-way quantum communication and quantum information processing, making the utilization of quantum resources more efficient and controllable. Through in-depth analysis of the steering characteristics after swapping, it is found that compared with the linear beam splitter scheme, the nonlinear beam splitter scheme not only significantly improves the capability of quantum steering, but also allows for more flexible manipulation of monogamy relations of quantum steering. By optimizing the gain parameters of the nonlinear beam splitter, the precise manipulation of the monogamy relations can be achieved over a wider range. This not only expands broader application prospects for information processing and quantum communication in quantum networks, but also lays an important foundation for building efficient and secure quantum information processing systems.

DOI
10.7498/aps.74.20250083

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Multipartite quantum steering is an important quantum resource and the basis of secure quantum communication network. Multipartite quantum steering can be generated by beam splitter networks, optical frequency comb systems and nonlinear processes. Different types of quantum steering will be produced by different projects. In this paper, we design two different schemes, i.e. series cascaded four-wave mixing and hybrid cascaded four-wave mixing, and based on these two schemes tripartite quantum steering and quinquepartite quantum steering are generated respectively. The steering characters among different users are quantified based on the covariance matrix. In theory, we investigate steering parameters among different modes created by two schemes versus the amplitude gain of four-wave mixing process. We find that one mode can steer the other two modes separately, but the other two modes cannot steer the one mode simultaneously. By comparing the steering characters of joint multimodes to a certain single mode with the individual mode to the single mode respectively, it can be seen that the steerability of the former is stronger than the latter in the whole gain region, and there exists only the steering of joint multimodes to a single mode in the partial gain region. More importantly, the steerability of joint multimodes to a single mode can be enhanced with the quantity of joint multimodes increasing. The results show that multiple types of quantum steering can be realized by using these two schemes, which are helpful in understanding the distribution of quantum steering in multipartite system and have important significance in practical secure quantum communication and quantum secret sharing.

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Quantum resource swapping is crucial for establishing quantum networks and achieving efficient quantum communication and it allows quantum resources to be shared and allocated between nodes in a quantum network, thereby enhancing network flexibility and quantum information processing capabilities. Quantum steering is a special type of quantum correlation that exhibits unique asymmetry compared with quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality. This asymmetry enables quantum steering swapping to establish one-way or two-way asymmetry quantum steering between two independent optical modes, which is crucial for constructing asymmetric quantum networks. In this work, an all-optical quantum steering swapping scheme is proposed based on tripartite entangled state and bipartite entangled state. The all-optical scheme does not involve optic-electro conversion nor electro-optic conversion, but utilizes a low-noise, high-bandwidth four-wave mixing process to achieve the function of Bell state measurement in traditional schemes without measurement. After the steering swapping operation, the two originally independent entangled states without direct interaction generate quantum steering. In this work, two swapping schemes in the four-wave mixing processes, combined with linear beam splitter and nonlinear beam splitter, are investigated. By analyzing the steering characteristics of the output modes, both schemes exhibit varieties of multipartite steering types. By adjusting the transmissivity of the linear beam splitter and the gain of the four-wave mixing process, the steering relationship can be flexibly manipulated to achieve one-way and two-way asymmetry steering. This provides new possibilities for one-way quantum communication and quantum information processing, making the utilization of quantum resources more efficient and controllable. Through in-depth analysis of the steering characteristics after swapping, it is found that compared with the linear beam splitter scheme, the nonlinear beam splitter scheme not only significantly improves the capability of quantum steering, but also allows for more flexible manipulation of monogamy relations of quantum steering. By optimizing the gain parameters of the nonlinear beam splitter, the precise manipulation of the monogamy relations can be achieved over a wider range. This not only expands broader application prospects for information processing and quantum communication in quantum networks, but also lays an important foundation for building efficient and secure quantum information processing systems.
Multipartite quantum steering is an important quantum resource and the basis of secure quantum communication network. Multipartite quantum steering can be generated by beam splitter networks, optical frequency comb systems and nonlinear processes. Different types of quantum steering will be produced by different projects. In this paper, we design two different schemes, i.e. series cascaded four-wave mixing and hybrid cascaded four-wave mixing, and based on these two schemes tripartite quantum steering and quinquepartite quantum steering are generated respectively. The steering characters among different users are quantified based on the covariance matrix. In theory, we investigate steering parameters among different modes created by two schemes versus the amplitude gain of four-wave mixing process. We find that one mode can steer the other two modes separately, but the other two modes cannot steer the one mode simultaneously. By comparing the steering characters of joint multimodes to a certain single mode with the individual mode to the single mode respectively, it can be seen that the steerability of the former is stronger than the latter in the whole gain region, and there exists only the steering of joint multimodes to a single mode in the partial gain region. More importantly, the steerability of joint multimodes to a single mode can be enhanced with the quantity of joint multimodes increasing. The results show that multiple types of quantum steering can be realized by using these two schemes, which are helpful in understanding the distribution of quantum steering in multipartite system and have important significance in practical secure quantum communication and quantum secret sharing.
Abstract Quantum steering, also know as Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering, is a key resource in quantum information. It has significant application value for constructing secure quantum communication networks due to its unique asymmetric property. However, quantum steering is susceptible to decoherence. Decoherence occurs due to the interaction between a quantum system and its environment, and eventually leads to the reduction or even disappearance of steering. In this paper, we propose an all-optical correlated noise channel (ACNC) scheme based on four-wave mixing (FWM) processes, investigate the impact of noise in the channel and FWM gains on quantum steering characteristics as well as the capability of the ACNC to restore quantum steering. This scheme is achieved through optical nonlinear processes and avoids the electro-optic conversions and significantly expands the operational bandwidth. The research results show that the ACNC can effectively restore the damaged quantum steering. The range of one-way steering and genuine tripartite steering can be flexibly controlled by adjusting parameters. Moreover, the Gaussian steered monogamous relationships have also been verified. Our scheme provides new theoretical reference for constructing all-optical secure quantum networks.
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is a key resource in the field of quantum information. It characterizes the ability of one party to exert remote influence on the state of another party through local operations. In this paper, we propose all-optical multipartite EPR steering swapping schemes with symmetric and asymmetric structures based on four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. Optical components are used to replace measurement devices or electronic feedforward devices in the traditional scheme, avoiding optic-electro and electro-optic conversions. The results show that both structures can verify the Gaussian-steered monogamous relationships, while the asymmetric structure produces stronger steering. Our schemes provide theoretical guidance for constructing all-optical broadband quantum networks.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, a distinct class of quantum correlation intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality, exhibits unique asymmetry and directionality. EPR steering swapping, analogous to entanglement swapping, enables two initially independent particles to establish EPR steering correlations. Recent advances in all-optical entanglement and EPR steering swapping have overcome the limitation of mutual electro-optical conversions. However, for quantum information systems required in real-world applications, extending these capabilities to multimode regimes remains largely underexplored. Here, we propose an m -to- n multimode all-optical EPR steering swapping architecture based on energy-level-cascaded four-wave mixing processes. By harnessing fundamental light-atom interactions, we demonstrate scalable multimode EPR steering swapping and realize non-Hermitian control over dressing-induced coherent channels. Crucially, our multimode approach demonstrates distinctive, mode-dependent features of non-monotonicity and asymmetry, which are unattainable in conventional two-mode schemes. The flexible controllability afforded by such multimode quantum correlations also facilitates interfaces between non-Hermitian light-matter systems, paving the way for practical implementations of EPR steering and all-optical quantum networks.
Multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is an essential resource for secure one-sided device-independent quantum secret sharing. Here, we analyze the EPR steering properties exhibited in three-mode Gaussian states created by four-wave mixing (FWM) in Rubidium atoms combined with a linear beamsplitter and a nonlinear beamsplitter (second FWM), respectively. By quantifying Gaussian steerability based on a measure determined by the covariance matrix of the produced states, we compare the performance of two schemes to achieve one-way, collective, and genuine tripartite steering, as well as the monogamy constraints for distributing steering among three parties. We show that the scheme with nonlinear beamsplitter is feasible to create stronger bipartite steering and genuine tripartite steering and has more flexibility to manipulate the monogamy relation through the cooperation of the two cascaded FWM processes.
Entanglement swapping, which is a core component of quantum network and an important platform for testing the foundation of quantum mechanics, can enable the entangling of two independent particles without direct interaction both in discrete variable and continuous variable systems. Conventionally, the realization of entanglement swapping relies on the Bell-state measurement. In particular, for entanglement swapping in continuous variable regime, such Bell-state measurement involves the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion, which limits the applications of the entanglement swapping for constructing broadband quantum network. In this Letter, we propose and demonstrate a measurement-free all-optical entanglement swapping. In our scheme, a high-gain parametric amplifier based on the four-wave mixing process is exploited to realize the function of Bell-state measurement without detection, which avoids the introduction of the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion. Our results provide an all-optical paradigm for implementing entanglement swapping and pave the way to construct a measurement-free all-optical broadband quantum network.