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Optics Express

Multimode all-optical EPR steering swapping via atomic coherence-mediated four-wave mixing

Wenqiang Qin, jiale li, Yonglin Bai, Feng Li, Yanpeng Zhang, Yin Cai

Published Dec 11, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, a distinct class of quantum correlation intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality, exhibits unique asymmetry and directionality. EPR steering swapping, analogous to entanglement swapping, enables two initially independent particles to establish EPR steering correlations. Recent advances in all-optical entanglement and EPR steering swapping have overcome the limitation of mutual electro-optical conversions. However, for quantum information systems required in real-world applications, extending these capabilities to multimode regimes remains largely underexplored. Here, we propose an m -to- n multimode all-optical EPR steering swapping architecture based on energy-level-cascaded four-wave mixing processes. By harnessing fundamental light-atom interactions, we demonstrate scalable multimode EPR steering swapping and realize non-Hermitian control over dressing-induced coherent channels. Crucially, our multimode approach demonstrates distinctive, mode-dependent features of non-monotonicity and asymmetry, which are unattainable in conventional two-mode schemes. The flexible controllability afforded by such multimode quantum correlations also facilitates interfaces between non-Hermitian light-matter systems, paving the way for practical implementations of EPR steering and all-optical quantum networks.

DOI
10.1364/oe.581230

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Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, a distinct class of quantum correlation intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality, exhibits unique asymmetry and directionality. EPR steering swapping, analogous to entanglement swapping, enables two initially independent particles to establish EPR steering correlations. Recent advances in all-optical entanglement and EPR steering swapping have overcome the limitation of mutual electro-optical conversions. However, for quantum information systems required in real-world applications, extending these capabilities to multimode regimes remains largely underexplored. Here, we propose an m -to- n multimode all-optical EPR steering swapping architecture based on energy-level-cascaded four-wave mixing processes. By harnessing fundamental light-atom interactions, we demonstrate scalable multimode EPR steering swapping and realize non-Hermitian control over dressing-induced coherent channels. Crucially, our multimode approach demonstrates distinctive, mode-dependent features of non-monotonicity and asymmetry, which are unattainable in conventional two-mode schemes. The flexible controllability afforded by such multimode quantum correlations also facilitates interfaces between non-Hermitian light-matter systems, paving the way for practical implementations of EPR steering and all-optical quantum networks.
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is a type of directional quantum correlation that holds immense significance and broad applications in quantum information processing. While EPR steering has been achieved across various physical systems, research into its implementation in non-Hermitian systems remains in its early stages. In this study, we delve into the realm of non-Hermitian control of EPR steering by leveraging atomic coherence-controlled energy-level cascaded four-wave mixing (ELC-FWM) processes. We derive analytical expressions for the generation of EPR steering within such non-Hermitian nonlinear systems, demonstrating that exceptional points (EPs) and multimode EPR steering can be realized through introducing dressing-control fields. Furthermore, we illustrate that nonlinear coherent channels and the associated steerability distribution of the output modes can be tailored during the EPR steering generation process, which is directly linked to the eigenvalues of non-Hermitian processes. Additionally, we analyze the impact of loss effects on generated multimode EPR steering. Our findings suggest that non-Hermitian control offers a promising all-optical approach for constructing practical quantum networks.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, an important resource in quantum information, describes the ability of one party to influence the state of another party through local measurements. It differs from Bell nonlocality and entanglement due to its asymmetric property. EPR steering swapping allows two spatially independent parties to present EPR steering without direct interaction. Here, we theoretically propose an all-optical EPR steering swapping (AOSS) scheme based on low-noise high-broadband optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs). A low-noise high-broadband OPA is utilized to implement the function of Bell-state measurement without detection, avoiding the optic-electro and electro-optic conversions. After AOSS, one-way and two-way EPR steering between two independent optical modes can be obtained. Our scheme provides a guidance for the construction of a measurement-free, all-optical broadband quantum network utilizing EPR steering swapping.
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is a key resource in the field of quantum information. It characterizes the ability of one party to exert remote influence on the state of another party through local operations. In this paper, we propose all-optical multipartite EPR steering swapping schemes with symmetric and asymmetric structures based on four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. Optical components are used to replace measurement devices or electronic feedforward devices in the traditional scheme, avoiding optic-electro and electro-optic conversions. The results show that both structures can verify the Gaussian-steered monogamous relationships, while the asymmetric structure produces stronger steering. Our schemes provide theoretical guidance for constructing all-optical broadband quantum networks.
We explore the asymmetric Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering of field modes via atomic coherent effects. A resonant four-level system in double-cascade configuration is under our consideration, where the atoms are excited by the applied fields from one cascade channel and two cavity modes are generated from the other cascade transition. The results show two cavity modes are suitable for achieving the steady-state one-way EPR steering. We analyze the physics in terms of the dressed-atom Bogoliubov-field-mode approach. It is found that one of two Bogoliubov modes is mediated by the resonant coupling of the dressed atoms and the other is decoupled from them. This leads to the so-called one-channel dissipation, by which the dressed atoms absorb the average excitations from one transformed mode and then two original modes are pulled into the asymmetric correlation. Remarkably, the present scheme is focused on the full-resonant interaction not only between the classical fields, the cavity modes and the bare atoms, but also between the Bogoliubov modes and dressed atoms, which will induce the one-way steering simply via adjusting the intensity of an external field. Furthermore, the EPR steering could occur between the field modes with the large frequency difference, such as optical and microwave fields, which is more useful for the practical quantum communication. Based on the one-channel dissipation, the obtainable one-way EPR steering is rather against the dynamic fluctuations and is regardless of the initial state.
Collective multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is a type of quantum correlation shared among nnn parties, where the EPR paradox of one party can be realized only by performing local measurements on all the remaining $n\ensuremath{-}1$ parties. Here, we propose an efficient method to produce collective multipartite EPR steering via symmetrically and asymmetrically cascading parametric amplification processes, i.e., four-wave mixing (FWM) of rubidium atoms. The simplified collective-steering criterion is introduced using the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters monogamy relation. Moreover, by actively adjusting the parametric gains, the collective EPR steerability is optimized in our schemes. We find that the scale of collective steering can be extended by cascading more FWMs; in particular, introducing optical loss is useful for generating collective steering with more parties only in the asymmetry structure. Our results pave the way for the construction of quantum networks and provide a promising candidate for one-sided device-independent quantum cryptography among multiple users.
Abstract Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering for multipartite systems plays an important role in several quantum technologies and applications, e.g., quantum communication and quantum metrology. In this study, an energy‐level cascaded four‐wave mixing (EC‐FWM) process modulated by the dressing effect is proposed to generate three‐ and four‐mode EPR steering in the atomic medium of rubidium. The energy‐level simultaneously cascaded FWM and the energy‐level ordinally cascaded FWM are compared in three‐mode EPR steering, and monogamy relations for Gaussian steerability are also verified. Furthermore, multipartite EPR steerability is controlled by actively adjusting the dressing field. Different types of EPR steerability exhibit different modulation results when the dressing conditions of enhancement and suppression are satisfied. The proposed scheme exhibits advantages such as scalability, flexibility, and simplified experimental setup and can construct controllable large‐scale quantum networks.