Quantum information processing introduces novel approaches for classical data encoding to encompass the complex patterns of input data of practical computational challenges using basic principles of quantum mechanics. The classification of diabetes is an example of a problem that can be efficiently resolved by using quantum unitary operations and the variational quantum classifier (VQC). This study demonstrates the effects of the number of qubits, types of feature maps, optimizers’ class, and the number of layers in the parametrized circuit, and the number of learnable parameters in ansatz influences the effectiveness of the VQC. In total, 76 variants of VQC are analyzed for four and eight qubits’ cases and their results are compared with six classical machine learning models to predict diabetes. Three different types of feature maps (Pauli, Z, and ZZ) are implemented during analysis in addition to three different optimizers (COBYLA, SPSA and SLSQP). Experiments are performed using the PIMA Indian Diabetes Dataset (PIDD). The results conclude that VQC with six layers embedded with an error correction scaling factor of 0.01 and having ZZ feature map and COBYLA optimizer outperforms other quantum variants. The optimal proposed model attained the accuracy of 0.85 and 0.80 for eight and four qubits’ cases, respectively. In addition, the final quantum model among 76 variants was compared with six classical machine learning models. The results suggest that the proposed VQC model has outperformed four classical models including SVM, random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and linear regression (LR).
Quantum information processing introduces novel approaches for classical data encoding to encompass the complex patterns of input data of practical computational challenges using basic principles of quantum mechanics. The classification of diabetes is an example of a problem that can be efficiently resolved by using quantum unitary operations and the variational quantum classifier (VQC). This study demonstrates the effects of the number of qubits, types of feature maps, optimizers’ class, and the number of layers in the parametrized circuit, and the number of learnable parameters in ansatz influences the effectiveness of the VQC. In total, 76 variants of VQC are analyzed for four and eight qubits’ cases and their results are compared with six classical machine learning models to predict diabetes. Three different types of feature maps (Pauli, Z, and ZZ) are implemented during analysis in addition to three different optimizers (COBYLA, SPSA and SLSQP). Experiments are performed using the PIMA Indian Diabetes Dataset (PIDD). The results conclude that VQC with six layers embedded with an error correction scaling factor of 0.01 and having ZZ feature map and COBYLA optimizer outperforms other quantum variants. The optimal proposed model attained the accuracy of 0.85 and 0.80 for eight and four qubits’ cases, respectively. In addition, the final quantum model among 76 variants was compared with six classical machine learning models. The results suggest that the proposed VQC model has outperformed four classical models including SVM, random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and linear regression (LR).
Diabetes remains one of the common chronic diseases around the world and finding a good early prediction from clinical and lifestyle data is very important for timely help. Classical machine learning models such as regression, decision trees and random forests have been used for this purpose but the complicated non‑linear connections among clinical features might need richer ways of representation. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) gives an approach using quantum feature encoding and variational circuits to find patterns that are expensive to express with classical methods. In this study we show a diabetes prediction pipeline that compares baseline models—logistic regression, decision tree and random forest—with two quantum classifiers built in Qiskit: a Quantum Support Vector Classifier (QSVC) and a Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC). Using the Pima Indians Diabetes dataset we test all models on accuracy, precision, recall and F1‑score. The results show that the classical Random Forest classifier reaches the accuracy (0.73) beating both quantum classifiers. The Quantum Support Vector Classifier (QSVC 0.66) and the Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC 0.65) are still competitive. Do not outdo the classical baselines. These results agree with reports that in the present Noisy Intermediate‑Scale Quantum (NISQ) era quantum models usually match rather than surpass well‑tuned classical approaches on standard health‑care data and that a real quantum advantage will need larger data, deeper circuits and testing, on real quantum hardware.
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) which is the integration of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Machine Learning (ML), comes with immense computational capacity due to principles of superposition and entanglement. The PIMA diabetes dataset is used in this research as a test bed for comparing the results obtained from ML and QML approaches. The assessment shows that Support Vector Machine (SVM) has better results compared to Logistic Regression (LR) with an accuracy of 0.76. On the other hand, among QML algorithms; the Quantum Support Vector Classifier (QSVC) has a higher accuracy than the Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC) with 0.74. The findings of the given research imply that the use of QML methods may be valuable for further developments in diabetes prediction in the future.
The early detection and accurate classification of diabetes health indicators are crucial for effective disease management and prevention. This study aims to compare the performance of classical and quantum machine learning models in feature selection and classification on the Diabetes Health Indicators dataset. Initially, classical machine learning methods were employed to preprocess the data, including normalization and scaling, followed by feature selection using Lasso regression. Various traditional models, such as Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Naive Bayes, were evaluated. Among these, the Logistic Regression model achieved the highest accuracy at 85%, while other models also demonstrated competitive performance with accuracies ranging from 82% to 85%. Subsequently, quantum machine learning techniques were applied using the selected features to assess their effectiveness. Quantum circuits were created using Cirq, and parameter optimization was performed through Quantum Feature Mapping and Quantum Feature Transformation. The Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) model attained an accuracy of 84.33%, showing potential for matching the performance of traditional models. The results suggest that quantum machine learning models can offer comparable accuracy to classical methods in the classification of diabetes health indicators. This study highlights the potential benefits of integrating quantum techniques in complex data processing and recommends further exploration in future research to fully harness the capabilities of quantum machine learning.
Blood glucose is one of the key indicators influencing the body’s metabolic performance. Accurate prediction and proactive management of this parameter are of paramount clinical importance. In this context, the analysis and evaluation of quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms for processing medical data and enhancing the predictive accuracy of health-related models have emerged as cutting-edge research directions in recent studies. Leveraging the principles of quantum physics and computation, QML algorithms serve as a promising alternative to classical methods for predicting chronic diseases. By mapping classical data into a quantum feature space and exploiting intrinsic quantum properties such as superposition and entanglement, these algorithms significantly enhance the ability to detect complex and latent patterns within datasets. In this study, the dataset was first preprocessed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction and noise suppression. Subsequently, the predictive performance of two quantum machine learning models—the Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) and the Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC)—was evaluated and compared with that of the classical Support Vector Machine (SVM) for blood glucose level prediction. The results indicate that the QSVM model achieves a prediction accuracy of 90%, outperforming the classical SVM, which attained an accuracy of 74.4%. Moreover, the hybrid classical–quantum VQC model demonstrated the highest predictive performance, achieving an accuracy of 94.2%, thereby establishing it as the most effective approach for blood glucose level forecasting in this experimental setting.
Machine Learning (ML) approaches have achieved high performance by discovering underlying data patterns and structures. Diabetes is a life-threatening disease that affects vital organs such as the eyes (retinopathy), nerves (neuropathy), heart and kidneys (nephropathy). Although various ML models have been proposed for diabetes prediction, most struggle to effectively handle large, multi-feature datasets. Quantum Machine Learning (QML), which integrates quantum computing principles with machine learning, offers a promising solution for complex classification tasks. However, effective feature extraction remains challenging on current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) devices due to hardware limitations. In this study, a Differentiable Quantum Circuit with Classical PCA Feature Compression is proposed for medical disease classification using a SMOTE-ENN resampled dataset and a penalized binary cross-entropy cost function to enhance quantum learning. The efficient ansatz designed in this work plays a crucial role in determining the model’s learning capability and feature extraction performance. To evaluate the robustness and generalization capability of the proposed model, three categories of medical datasets are considered. The primary focus is on diabetes classification using four diabetes-related datasets, while additional experiments are conducted on liver disease and chronic kidney disease datasets to assess the adaptability of the proposed framework across multiple healthcare domains. Six datasets from UCI, Mendeley and IEEE repositories are used: PIMA Indian Diabetes, Type-2 Diabetes, a private RTML Insulin dataset, Indian Liver Patient Dataset (ILPD), Early-Stage Diabetes Risk Prediction Dataset (ESDRPD) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The proposed quantum model is simulated using the PennyLane quantum simulator and compared against preprocessed classical classifiers. Experimental results demonstrate remarkable efficiency and rapid convergence within 10--20 epochs, achieving high F1-scores of 96.15% (PIMA), 97.50% (Type-2), 98.04% (RTML), 89.47% (ILPD), 98.66% (ESDRPD) and 97.84% (CKD). These findings demonstrate that the proposed quantum model efficiently extracts relevant features and effectively handles medical disease classification tasks, highlighting its strong potential for practical healthcare applications.
Heart disease is one of the major global causes of death, requiring early and precise detection for efficient treatment.With advancements in quantum computing, Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) have gained recognition as a valuable technique for improving learning models in medical diagnosis.This study further explores the application of VQC-based models for heart disease prediction, leveraging quantum computing to enhance classification accuracy.A hybrid quantum-classical model has been developed, which combines classical preprocessing for feature extraction from patient datasets with a VQC-based classifier for medical predictions.The quantum circuit using variational parameters is optimized to reduce the loss function and facilitate effective learning from complex medical data.This proposed approach is tested on benchmark heart disease datasets and evaluated against classical Machine Learning (ML) models, including Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forests, and Neural Networks.The experimental results show that VQC-based models achieve high accuracy and outperform classical models, notably on high-dimensional, non-linearly separable data.The quantum advantage of VQCs lies in their ability to encode and process data in a huge Hilbert space.However, challenges such as noise in near-term quantum devices and scalability issues remain key.This research underscores the efficacy of VQCbased quantum machine learning in medical diagnosis, paving the way for future studies on quantum-enhanced healthcare solutions.Further advancements in quantum hardware and hybrid learning techniques could allow quantum-assisted heart disease prediction to become an effective clinical tool.