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Applied Physics Letters

Investigation of the 4f146s2 1S0−4f135d6s2 (J = 2) clock transition at 431 nm of 171Yb atoms trapped in an optical lattice

Congyu Wang, Yuan Yao, Haosen Shi, Hongfu Yu, Longsheng Ma, Yanyi Jiang

Published Jan 20, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the aid of an optical frequency divider based on an optical frequency comb, the frequency of a laser at 431 nm is divided from a cavity-stabilized laser at 578 nm. Using the frequency-stabilized 431 nm laser, we observe a 2.5 kHz linewidth 4f146s2 1S0−4f135d6s2 (J = 2) transition of 171Yb atoms trapped in an optical lattice. By measuring the lattice-induced frequency shift, we determine the magic wavelength of the optical lattice for the 431 nm transition to be 797.97(20) nm. The frequency of the 431 nm transition is measured to be 695 171 054 856.9(1.1) kHz by referencing to the 1S0−3P0 transition at 578 nm of Yb atoms.

DOI
10.1063/5.0246836

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With the aid of an optical frequency divider based on an optical frequency comb, the frequency of a laser at 431 nm is divided from a cavity-stabilized laser at 578 nm. Using the frequency-stabilized 431 nm laser, we observe a 2.5 kHz linewidth 4f146s2 1S0−4f135d6s2 (J = 2) transition of 171Yb atoms trapped in an optical lattice. By measuring the lattice-induced frequency shift, we determine the magic wavelength of the optical lattice for the 431 nm transition to be 797.97(20) nm. The frequency of the 431 nm transition is measured to be 695 171 054 856.9(1.1) kHz by referencing to the 1S0−3P0 transition at 578 nm of Yb atoms.
Atoms confined in the optical lattice can be interrogated with Doppler- and recoil-free operation. However, if not properly controlled, the optical lattice may limit clock accuracy. To improve the lattice-light-shift uncertainty, the cooling and trapping lasers' frequency stability is optimized, and the atom's signal stability is enhanced. A ring-cavity Ti:sapphire laser is locked to the optical frequency comb, which is referenced to a 578 nm ultra-stable laser, and the beat note's stability is on the order of 10−16. Using a 10 cm Fabry–Pérot cavity referenced to the Ti:sapphire laser, the optical frequency stability is transferred to the 399 nm cooling laser, creating favorable conditions for evaluating the lattice-light-shift accurately. We reevaluate lattice-light-shift in our 171Yb optical lattice clock with an uncertainty of 8.1 × 10−18, which is an order lower than our previous result, and the magic frequency is determined to be 394 798 266.6(1.3) MHz.
We experimentally determine the absolute frequencies and hyperfine splittings of the 6s6p 3P0,2 − 6s7s 3S1 transitions of ultracold 171Yb atoms in an optical lattice. A frequency comb referenced to an ultrastable optical cavity is used to measure the electric-dipole transition frequencies. With the normalized shelving detection technique, about 12 MHz and 10 MHz linewidth of atomic spectra are obtained, respectively, which is some greater than the natural linewidth of 1.5 MHz and 5.9 MHz and is limited by the broadening from the probe and lattice light. By reference to our 171Yb 6 s2 1S0 − 6s6p 3P0 clock, the absolute frequencies are found to be 461861338.03 (0.21) MHz and 461871596.07 (0.31) MHz for the 6s6p 3P0 − 6s7s 3S1 (F = 1/2 and F = 3/2) transitions, which are more accurate than the previous measurement by one order of magnitude. For the 6s6p 3P2 (F = 3/2 and F = 5/2) − 6s7s 3S1 (F = 1/2 and F = 3/2) transitions, the measured frequencies are 389257019.71 (0.65) MHz, 389267277.10 (0.37) MHz and 389260569.95 (0.89) MHz, respectively, which are the first measurements to our knowledge. Furthermore, the hyperfine constants for the 6s6p 3P2 and 6s7s 3S1 states are determined to be 2682.86(0.38) MHz and 6838.69(0.25) MHz, both of which agree well with other recent experimental results.
We report the direct excitation of the highly forbidden (6s2) 1S0 <--> (6s6p) 3P0 optical transition in two odd isotopes of neutral ytterbium. As the excitation laser frequency is scanned, absorption is detected by monitoring the depletion from an atomic cloud at approximately 70 microK in a magneto-optical trap. The measured frequency in 171Yb (F=1/2) is 518,295,836,591.6 +/- 4.4 kHz. The measured frequency in 173Yb (F=5/2) is 518,294,576,847.6 +/- 4.4 kHz. Measurements are made with a femtosecond-laser frequency comb calibrated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology cesium fountain clock and represent nearly a 10(6)-fold reduction in uncertainty. The natural linewidth of these J=0 to J=0 transitions is calculated to be approximately 10 mHz, making them well suited to support a new generation of optical atomic clocks based on confinement in an optical lattice.
With ultracold 87Srconfined in a magic wavelength optical lattice, we present the most precise study (2.8 Hz statistical uncertainty) to date of the 1S0-3P0 optical clock transition with a detailed analysis of systematic shifts (19 Hz uncertainty) in the absolute frequency measurement of 429 228 004 229 869 Hz. The high resolution permits an investigation of the optical lattice motional sideband structure. The local oscillator for this optical atomic clock is a stable diode laser with its hertz-level linewidth characterized by an octave-spanning femtosecond frequency comb.
A cavity-stabilized 578 nm laser is used to probe the clock transition of ytterbium atoms trapped in optical lattice sites. We obtain a Fourier-limited 4.2-Hz-linewidth Rabi spectrum and a Ramsey spectrum with fringe linewidth of 3.3 Hz. Based on one of the spectra, the 578 nm laser light is frequency-stabilized to the center of the transition to achieve a closed-loop operation of an optical clock. Based on interleaved measurement, the frequency instability of a single optical clock is demonstrated to be 5.4 × 10-16/√τ.