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International Symposium on Sensor Technology and Control (ISSTC)

Analysis of Polarization Error of the Half-Wave Plate in Photon-Entangled Fiber Optic Gyroscope

Mianzhi Zhang, Junyun Shang, Shitao Ji, Zewei Pan, Bo Xie, Fengjun Li, Fengyuan Ma, Fengyuan Bai, Wei Hong

Published Oct 25, 2024• 0 citations

Abstract

This paper derives the principle of the photon-entangled fiber gyro’s optical path, simulates and compares the effect of the rotation angle of the half-wave plate (HWP) optical axis on the output state quantum interference efficiency, and performs a simulation analysis of the polarization entanglement error in the photon-entangled fiber gyro. It is proven that the rotation angle of the half-wave plate’s optical axis has a significant impact on the quantum interference efficiency, with the maximum quantum interference efficiency corresponding to a half-wave plate optical axis rotation angle of 22.5°. When there is a deviation in the rotation angles of the two half-wave plates, it does not lead to non-reciprocal phase errors.Still, it lowers quantum interference efficiency and increases measurement difficulty. Excessive errors in the rotation angle of the half-wave plate’s optical axis may reduce the accuracy performance of the gyroscope. The polarization error generated by the entire optical path may lead to the inability to break through the shot noise limit (SNL), and in the case of existing background noise, the polarization error has a more severe impact on the accuracy of the entangled gyroscope.

DOI: 10.1109/isstc63573.2024.10824202

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This paper derives the principle of the photon-entangled fiber gyro’s optical path, simulates and compares the effect of the rotation angle of the half-wave plate (HWP) optical axis on the output state quantum interference efficiency, and performs a simulation analysis of the polarization entanglement error in the photon-entangled fiber gyro. It is proven that the rotation angle of the half-wave plate’s optical axis has a significant impact on the quantum interference efficiency, with the maximum quantum interference efficiency corresponding to a half-wave plate optical axis rotation angle of 22.5°. When there is a deviation in the rotation angles of the two half-wave plates, it does not lead to non-reciprocal phase errors.Still, it lowers quantum interference efficiency and increases measurement difficulty. Excessive errors in the rotation angle of the half-wave plate’s optical axis may reduce the accuracy performance of the gyroscope. The polarization error generated by the entire optical path may lead to the inability to break through the shot noise limit (SNL), and in the case of existing background noise, the polarization error has a more severe impact on the accuracy of the entangled gyroscope.

We determine the feasibility of enhancing fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) precision using polarization-entangled two-photon states. Additional non-reciprocal effects beyond those encountered in classical FOGs arise in the entangled setup. We analyze a N00N state FOG setup combining features of two recent experiments, while optimizing the fiber length and mitigating noise sources to ensure sufficient quantum enhancement to see beyond the shot noise limit. We expect our setup to further advance the sensitivity regime of such single-photon detector based (low power requirement) FOGs, which have recently resolved the earth’s rotation rate.

Abstract Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) based on the Sagnac effect are a valuable tool in sensing and navigation and enable accurate measurements in applications ranging from spacecraft and aircraft to self-driving vehicles such as autonomous cars. As with any classical optical sensors, the ultimate performance of these devices is bounded by the shot-noise limit (SNL). Quantum-enhanced interferometry allows us to overcome this limit using non-classical states of light. Here, we report on an entangled-photon gyroscope that uses path-entangled NOON-states (N = 2) to provide super-resolution and phase sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit.

Systematic errors are inevitable in most measurements performed in real life because of imperfect measurement devices. Reducing systematic errors is crucial to ensuring the accuracy and reliability of measurement results. To this end, delicate error-compensation designs are often necessary in addition to device calibration to reduce the dependence of the systematic error on the imperfection of the devices. The art of error-compensation designs is well appreciated in nuclear magnetic resonance systems by using composite pulses. In contrast, there are few works on reducing systematic errors in quantum optical systems. Here we propose an error-compensation design applicable to reducing the systematic error in projective measurements on ensembles of both single and multiqubit systems. This design can significantly decrease the systematic error due to dominant error sources in typical optical experiments. In particular, it can reduce the systematic error to the second order of the phase errors of both the half-wave plate (HWP) and the quarter-wave plate as well as the angle error of the HWP. Its power in reducing the systematic error was verified experimentally on qubit state tomography and numerically on two-qubit state tomography. Our study may find applications in high-precision tasks in polarization optics and quantum optics.

The precision of optical gyroscope can be improved by enhancing Sagnac effect.Aiming at the accuracy of optical gyroscope restricted by the theoretical limit, shot noise limit, we firstly analyze the theoretical limit of Sagnac effect in optical regime with quantum theory, and point out the physical reasons for the precision limit.And then a quantum entanglement state, Yurke state, with photon number difference measurement is advised to break through shot noise limit for Sagnac effect enhancement.This proposed scheme can achieve the true quantum limit, Heisenberg limit, and offer a new idea for improving the performance of optical sensors based on Sagnac effect.

The photon-number squeezed light generation using a nonlinear polarization interferometer (NOPI) is analyzed numerically. The NOPI is constructed by the cascade connection of 90 degree twisted couple of polarization-maintaining fibers. Since it is possible to generate photon-number squeezed light by only passing an optical pulse through an optical fiber without spatial alignment, the squeezed light can be generated easily and stably in this scheme. The evolution of the quantum noise for the optical pulse spectra is calculated using the quantized nonlinear Schrödinger equation and linearization approximation. The magnitude of maximum squeezing in the numerical analysis is estimated to be about —13 dB. Since the arbitrary dividing ratio and two outputs can be obtained by merely turning the half-wave plates on the input and output side, photonnumber squeezed light can be generated for the broad input and output power ranges. It is clarified that the generation mechanism is contrastive for the turning direction of half-wave plate on the output.