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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications

Quantum Cryptography Experiment using Optical Devices

Nur Shahirah Azahari, Nur Ziadah Harun

Published Jan 1, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The study of quantum cryptography is one of the great interest. A straightforward and reliable quantum experiment is provided in this paper. A half wave plate in linearly polarized light makes up a simplified polarization rotator. The polarization rotates twice as much as the half wave plate's fast axis' angle with the polarization plane when the half wave plate is rotated. Here, an experiment of message sharing is conducted to demonstrate quantum communication between parties. The unitary transformation is performed step by step using half-wave plates represented by the Mueller matrix. A simulation created using Python programming has been used to test the proposed protocol's implementation. Python was chosen because it can mathematically imitate the quantum state of superposition.

DOI
10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0140166

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The study of quantum cryptography is one of the great interest. A straightforward and reliable quantum experiment is provided in this paper. A half wave plate in linearly polarized light makes up a simplified polarization rotator. The polarization rotates twice as much as the half wave plate's fast axis' angle with the polarization plane when the half wave plate is rotated. Here, an experiment of message sharing is conducted to demonstrate quantum communication between parties. The unitary transformation is performed step by step using half-wave plates represented by the Mueller matrix. A simulation created using Python programming has been used to test the proposed protocol's implementation. Python was chosen because it can mathematically imitate the quantum state of superposition.
Quantum key distribution is one of the essential developments to reduce the vulnerability in the security of the systems due to the emergence of quantum computers. As long as large-scale quantum computers emerge, all the systems will be vulnerable to attack. To secure the communication, we can use quantum key distribution protocols in the near future. In this work, I have experimentally verified the BB84 protocol with an eavesdropper. We have used a classical channel to send polarization states of light. Our source is a readily available He-Ne laser (632.8nm). To send secret Information in a secure way, we use Quantum key distribution. Sender Alice sends randomly chosen polarization states of light to Bob. The states Alice sends are |H>,|V>,|D>, and |A>, and similarly, Bob also selects some random basis and detects this Information. In this experiment, |H>,|V> states belong to the '+' basis and |D>,|A> on the 'X' basis. Detecting |H>,|D> states at the detector is considered as '1' and detecting |V>,|A> represents the '0' bit as the output. Alice and Bob can choose the basis randomly. We got these | H>,|V>,|D>, and |A> states by rotating the half-wave plate at angles respectively 0°,90°,45°, and -45°. We used a motorized rotator to rotate the two half-wave plates, one at Alice's side and one at Bob's side, to select the basis and generate these states. The motorized rotator runs on a python code. Python code is designed in such a way that it can generate random bits and can run Alice and Bob parts simultaneously. A polarized beam splitter is used just before the detector to split the beam into | H> and |V> states with 100% intensity at one detector and 0% at the other and |D> and |A> states with 50:50 intensity. Therefore we used one half-wave plate just before the PBS, which can convert |H> and |V> states into |D> and |A> states when we rotate at these particular angles. Using this, we can detect |D> and |A> states with 100% intensity at one detector and 0% at the other. Based upon the basic choices of Alice and Bob, at the receiver part, Bob will receive the bits. At the end of the process, both parties will verify the basis. When the basis is matching, they will keep those bits, and which are not matching, they will discard them. The successful bits will become the encryption key. I did this experiment by sending 1000 bits, and 452 bits among them were successful. For the security analysis of this protocol, we implemented a third-person Eve who tries to steal the Information Alice sends to Bob. Eve used one Beam splitter to take half part of the light intensity and sent another half to Bob. Eve's part has one 50:50 beam splitter, which splits the beam into two. Then, one beam goes to a PBS, then to the detectors, and the other beam goes to a setup that has HWP and PBS, then to the detectors. In this experiment, Eve is successful in stealing the Information correctly. As we are using classical light, which has a huge number of photons, anyone can take some photons and execute a photon number splitting attack; the security of this process is very low. We need a single-photon source and a single photon detector to get total security from this protocol. Right now, I have done this experiment with the available pieces of equipment I have. When the needed types of equipment are available to me, I can implement the single-photon QKD experiment also. After the experiment, we realized that the superposition of states always holds in this experiment, but states do not collapse, as we are not performing the quantum measurement. Also, I have implemented the QKD protocol in the IBM Quantum lab, where Alice sends 1000 bits to Bob, and 474 bits among them were successful. Also, Eve’s interception was detected successfully.
BB84 is a single photon that has been widely used since 1984 as the unconditional security of key distribution. Recently, the idea of multiphoton QKD was proposed to exchange the key using the rotational of polarization by over multi-stages protocol. By utilizing the state of polarization, the system does not require one of the four states like it did in the BB84 scheme. The multiphoton has the ability to improve the key rate generation and range of distances as well. Indeed, multiphoton QKD needs to be setup properly to gain the optimal performance over the fiber optic. This paper presents the fundamental implementation of multi-stages and multiphoton approach over the fiber optic by applying secret unitary transformation between Alice and Bob. The step by step operation of unitary transformation is applied using half-wave plates represented as Mueller matrix. This paper also evaluates the effects of parameters in the QKD model. The result reveals that channel loss, dark count rate, detector efficiency, photons' repetition rate, and the average number of photons will affect the QBER and SKR.
In this modern era, most cryptographic algorithms work on a basic principle to split integers into their primes. But the problem is that mathematics is also evolving at a very fast pace along with computing power so it is now more vulnerable to decryption, for example, one-way functions can be easily reversed along with factoring big integers. So, to solve this issue Quantum Physics gets involved with cryptography which further led to the concept of Quantum Cryptography. Quantum Cryptography is one of the fastest-growing technology in computer science. So, this paper is more focused on Quantum Cryptography technology and how it can be used to make our modern cryptographic era safeguard from top to bottom procedure related to getting more secure Key-transfer. This paper's scope is to cover all the vulnerabilities of the current cryptosystem, the uses of this technology in the real-world scenario, the limitations when used in real-world situations, and also what will be the future of Quantum Cryptography and the path it should head towards. We have tried to use tools and protocols which is modified to use the quantum key transfer by which the user's using it will not have access to each other's personal information, instead of sharing any private or public key in advance, we transfer an unordered quantum transmission which consists of a very little flash of polarized light.
Accurate control of the polarization states of laser light is important in precision measurement experiments. In experiments involving the use of a vacuum environment, the stress-induced birefringence effect of the vacuum windows will affect the polarization states of laser light inside the vacuum system, and it is very difficult to measure and optimize the polarization states of the laser light in situ. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate how to optimize the polarization states of the laser light based on the fluorescence of ions in the vacuum system, and how to calculate the birefringence of vacuum windows based on azimuthal angles of external wave plates with Mueller matrix. The fluorescence of 25Mg+ ions induced by laser light that is resonant with the transition of |32P3/2,F = 4, mF = 4 → |32S1/2,F = 3, mF = 3 is sensitive to the polarization state of the laser light, and maximum fluorescence will be observed with pure circularly polarized light. A combination of half-wave plate (HWP) and quarter-wave plate (QWP) can achieve arbitrary phase retardation and is used for compensating the birefringence of the vacuum window. In this experiment, the polarization state of the laser light is optimized based on the fluorescence of 25Mg+ ion with a pair of HWP and QWP outside the vacuum chamber. By adjusting the azimuthal angles of the HWP and QWP to obtain maximum ion fluorescence, one can obtain a pure circularly polarized light inside the vacuum chamber. With the information on the azimuthal angles of the external HWP and QWP, the birefringence of the vacuum window can be determined.