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Physica Scripta

Controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication with hyperentangled Bell states

Yun-Hao Feng, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xiao-Xue Zhang

Published Dec 20, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents a groundbreaking protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication based on hyperentangled Bell states, involving two longitudinal momentum and polarization degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the controller Charlie governs bidirectional communication between two legitimate participants. Participants encode their secret messages using 64 unitary operations. However, without Charlie’s permission, specifically without publishing the final measurement results, participants cannot exchange secret messages. Security analysis are conducted to prevent eavesdropper Eve from obtaining users’ secret messages through illegitimate means. Compared with previously proposed controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication, the proposed protocol significantly improves transmission efficiency because each pair of photons can transmit 12 bits of classical information. The protocol achieves a remarkable qubit efficiency, reaching up to 85.7%. However, when we don’t take into account the number of qubits consumed by the decoy particles, we can theoretically achieve an efficiency of 200%.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ada208

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Abstract This paper presents a groundbreaking protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication based on hyperentangled Bell states, involving two longitudinal momentum and polarization degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the controller Charlie governs bidirectional communication between two legitimate participants. Participants encode their secret messages using 64 unitary operations. However, without Charlie’s permission, specifically without publishing the final measurement results, participants cannot exchange secret messages. Security analysis are conducted to prevent eavesdropper Eve from obtaining users’ secret messages through illegitimate means. Compared with previously proposed controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication, the proposed protocol significantly improves transmission efficiency because each pair of photons can transmit 12 bits of classical information. The protocol achieves a remarkable qubit efficiency, reaching up to 85.7%. However, when we don’t take into account the number of qubits consumed by the decoy particles, we can theoretically achieve an efficiency of 200%.
We propose a novel protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a nonlocal swap gate scheme. Our proposed protocol would be applied to a system in which a controller (supervisor/Charlie) controls the bidirectional communication with quantum information or secret messages between legitimate users (Alice and Bob). In this system, the legitimate users must obtain permission from the controller in order to exchange their respective quantum information or secret messages simultaneously; the controller is unable to obtain any quantum information or secret messages from the decoding process. Moreover, the presence of the controller also avoids the problem of one legitimate user receiving the quantum information or secret message before the other, and then refusing to help the other user decode the quantum information or secret message. Our proposed protocol is aimed at protecting against external and participant attacks on such a system, and the cost of transmitting quantum bits using our protocol is less than that achieved in other studies. Based on the nonlocal swap gate scheme, the legitimate users exchange their quantum information or secret messages without transmission in a public channel, thus protecting against eavesdroppers stealing the secret messages.
Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is a promising approach for secure information exchange. This paper proposes an efficient and secure four-party QSDC scheme utilizing hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization degree of freedom, the first longitudinal momentum degree of freedom and the second longitudinal momentum degree of freedom. The four participants can perform different unitary operations to independently encode their secret messages onto photons in three degrees of freedom, subsequently transmitting them directly through the quantum channel. In this proposed protocol, each degree of freedom of the photon can effectively carry two bits of information. Each round of transmission by a photon enables the four legitimate participants to obtain six classical bits of information. Notably, when compared to other photons based single-degree-of-freedom QSDC network protocols, the capacity of proposed QSDC protocol is tripled. Therefore, it significantly enhances the information transmission capability. Furthermore, comprehensive security analysis shows that our QSDC network protocol can withstand various attacks from external eavesdroppers.
A controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage was proposed.In the proposed protocol,two authenticated communication parties,Alice and Bob,were able to securely exchange their secret messages simultaneously under the control of the controller,Charlie.The problem of information leakage was overcome by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping among three Bell states.Moreover,the proposed protocol merely took the Bell state as quantum resource and merely needed the Bell measurement so that it was convenient to implement.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can detect not only the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper,but also the dishonest behavior from the controller,Charlie.It can be concluded that the proposed protocol has good security.
Semi-quantum secure direct communication allows the quantum party and the classical party to transmit secure messages directly, but does not need sharing a secret key in advance. To increase the information transmission efficiency and practicability of semi-quantum secure direct communication, a bidirectional semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol with high-dimensional single-particle states is designed. The proposed protocol involves quantum party Alice and classical party Bob. Each participant can receive a secret message while sending a secret message. Unlike most of existing quantum secure direct communication protocols, it is not necessary for the classical party Bob in the proposed protocol to possess the capability of measuring quantum states, which greatly enhances the feasibility of the protocol. The protocol allows the classical party Bob to implement the unitary operations on particles and reorder the quantum sequence. Furthermore, the quantum party Alice and the classical party Bob can verify the correctness of the received secret message with the Hash function. Security analysis indicates that without being discovered by the legitimate participants, Eve cannot obtain the secret message with common attack, such as intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack, tampering attack and entanglement-measure attack. Compared with the typical semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols, the proposed protocol has a high qubit efficiency of about 28.6%. In addition, the transmission efficiency of secret message is greatly enhanced, since the proposed protocol utilizes the high-dimensional single-particle states as the carrier of secret message.
In this letter, a multi-user controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication network protocol is suggested based on classical exclusive-or operation and quantum entanglement. In this protocol, four users can securely exchange their secret massages two by two, under the permission of a controller. The quantum channel is only used for sharing the qubits, and no encoded photons are transmitted via the quantum channel. This protocol is unconditionally secure and has higher efficiency than the previous ones.
In this paper, we propose a new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined local collective unitary operations, the sender’s secret messages can be transmitted directly to the receiver through encoding secret messages on the particles. Only with the help of the third side, the receiver can reconstruct the secret messages. Each single photon in two degrees of freedom can carry two bits of information, so the cost of our protocol is less than others using entangled qubits. Moreover, the security of our QSDC network protocol is discussed comprehensively. It is shown that our new CQSDC protocol cannot only defend the outsider eavesdroppers’ several sorts of attacks but also the inside attacks. Besides, our protocol is feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single photon quantum states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.