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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Multi‐Party Semi‐Quantum Private Comparison Protocol of Size Relation with d ‐Level GHZ States

Nanrun Zhou, Zhen‐Yong Chen, Yanyan Liu, Li‐Hua Gong

Published Dec 18, 2024• 60 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A new multi‐party semi‐quantum private comparison protocol of size relation is designed based on d ‐level GHZ states. Multiple classical participants could compare their privacies while keeping them secure under an ideal environment. Compared with some similar protocols, the classical participants in the designed protocol do not need to prepare and measure quantum states. Besides, the qubit efficiency of the protocol reaches 33.33%. It is demonstrated that the output result of the proposed protocol is correct. Finally, security analysis manifests that the proposed protocol behaves well in withstanding intercept‐resend attack, measure‐resend attack, entanglement attack, Trojan horse attack, and so on.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202400530

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Abstract An efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed with d -dimensional Bell states to assist two classical parties in comparing the size relation of their secret information. With the assistance of a third party (TP), Alice and Bob do not need to measure qubits or prepare new qubits, reducing the consumption of quantum resources. The presented protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than other similar protocols, since the legal participants can compare two bits of privacy (i.e., secret information unknown to others) each time with one qubit. Moreover, the proposed scheme offers a greater advantage when comparing larger private numbers, with the correctness of its outputs verified through analytical methods. Simulation experiments further verified the correctness of the proposed protocol, and security analyses demonstrated its robustness against external and internal attacks. Furthermore, the proposed semi-quantum private comparison protocol can be converted into an efficient semi-quantum key distribution protocol.
Abstract Based on d -dimensional multiparticle maximal entangled states, a novel multi-party private comparison protocol under semi-quantum condition is proposed. With the help of a semi-honest quantum third party, N classical participants can determine the size relationship of their privacies while keeping them private in the devised protocol. Compared with some similar protocols, the presented protocol performs better in terms of security and qubit efficiency. In addition, the effectiveness and the correctness of our protocol are verified with some examples and proofs. By the decoy particles and the pre-shared keys, the presented protocol can defend against the internal and the external attacks.
A novel efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol based on the d-dimensional GHZ states is proposed. With the assistance of semi-honest third party, two classical participants can compare the size relation of their secretswithout any information leakage. To reduce the consumption of quantum devices, the qubit efficiency of our protocol isimproved by introducing the semi-quantum conception via the existing semi-quantum privatecomparisons. Furthermore,it is unnecessary to prepare the secure classical authentication channel among participants in advance. It is shown that our protocol is not only correct and efficient, but also free from external and internal attacks.
Many semi-quantum private comparison (SQPC) protocols have been proposed to compare the equality of participants, but they suffer from low qubit efficiency and require classical participants to perform quantum state measurement and preparation operations. We here propose a novel SQPC protocol based on d-dimensional Bell states. With the assistance of a semi-honest third party, classical participants can compare the sizes of their privacies merely through particle reflection and simple unitary operations, but they do not need to prepare and measure quantum states. Furthermore, participants can compare two bits of privacy just once with one qubit. By combining decoy state eavesdropping detection with pre-shared key encryption as dual security strategies, analysis shows that the proposed protocol is secure against internal and external attack in theory. The qubit efficiency of the protocol reaches 66.7 % , which is significantly superior to existing schemes.
Abstract An efficient multiparty semi‐quantum private comparison protocol based on Bell states is proposed. The proposed protocol enables the comparison of private information equality among multiple classical participants with the assistance of two semi‐honest third parties. Unlike previous protocols, the proposed protocol can be further extended to resist the collective‐dephasing noise and the collective‐rotation noise, respectively. The proposed protocol and its extensions do not require the classical participants to generate and send new quantum states to the third party, and these participants can compare two privacies within one round of comparison. In addition, the protocol performs better with a qubit efficiency up to 25%. The security analysis indicates that the protocol is resilient to various known quantum attacks. Furthermore, the feasibility of this protocol is confirmed by simulation results on the IBM quantum platform.