A novel efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol based on the d-dimensional GHZ states is proposed. With the assistance of semi-honest third party, two classical participants can compare the size relation of their secretswithout any information leakage. To reduce the consumption of quantum devices, the qubit efficiency of our protocol isimproved by introducing the semi-quantum conception via the existing semi-quantum privatecomparisons. Furthermore,it is unnecessary to prepare the secure classical authentication channel among participants in advance. It is shown that our protocol is not only correct and efficient, but also free from external and internal attacks.
A novel efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol based on the d-dimensional GHZ states is proposed. With the assistance of semi-honest third party, two classical participants can compare the size relation of their secretswithout any information leakage. To reduce the consumption of quantum devices, the qubit efficiency of our protocol isimproved by introducing the semi-quantum conception via the existing semi-quantum privatecomparisons. Furthermore,it is unnecessary to prepare the secure classical authentication channel among participants in advance. It is shown that our protocol is not only correct and efficient, but also free from external and internal attacks.
Abstract An efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed with d -dimensional Bell states to assist two classical parties in comparing the size relation of their secret information. With the assistance of a third party (TP), Alice and Bob do not need to measure qubits or prepare new qubits, reducing the consumption of quantum resources. The presented protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than other similar protocols, since the legal participants can compare two bits of privacy (i.e., secret information unknown to others) each time with one qubit. Moreover, the proposed scheme offers a greater advantage when comparing larger private numbers, with the correctness of its outputs verified through analytical methods. Simulation experiments further verified the correctness of the proposed protocol, and security analyses demonstrated its robustness against external and internal attacks. Furthermore, the proposed semi-quantum private comparison protocol can be converted into an efficient semi-quantum key distribution protocol.
Many semi-quantum private comparison (SQPC) protocols have been proposed to compare the equality of participants, but they suffer from low qubit efficiency and require classical participants to perform quantum state measurement and preparation operations. We here propose a novel SQPC protocol based on d-dimensional Bell states. With the assistance of a semi-honest third party, classical participants can compare the sizes of their privacies merely through particle reflection and simple unitary operations, but they do not need to prepare and measure quantum states. Furthermore, participants can compare two bits of privacy just once with one qubit. By combining decoy state eavesdropping detection with pre-shared key encryption as dual security strategies, analysis shows that the proposed protocol is secure against internal and external attack in theory. The qubit efficiency of the protocol reaches 66.7 % , which is significantly superior to existing schemes.
Abstract Based on d -dimensional multiparticle maximal entangled states, a novel multi-party private comparison protocol under semi-quantum condition is proposed. With the help of a semi-honest quantum third party, N classical participants can determine the size relationship of their privacies while keeping them private in the devised protocol. Compared with some similar protocols, the presented protocol performs better in terms of security and qubit efficiency. In addition, the effectiveness and the correctness of our protocol are verified with some examples and proofs. By the decoy particles and the pre-shared keys, the presented protocol can defend against the internal and the external attacks.
Abstract Based on Bell states, a new semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed that enables two classical users to securely compare the equality of their private information with the aid of a semi-honest third party. Different from the existing semi-quantum private comparison protocols, the two classical participants in the presented protocol do not need to measure and prepare any quantum state, which not only reduces the consumption of quantum devices, but also greatly improves the feasibility of the protocol. Performing different unitary operations on the received particles, classical users can securely compare their secret information. Besides, the devised protocol has higher qubit efficiency than the other similar counterparts, since participants can compare a two-bit privacy each time with one qubit. Meanwhile, after completing the comparison process, all Bell states could be reused since they still retain the corresponding entanglement property, which greatly facilitates the recycle of quantum resources. Security analyses indicate that the designed scheme is secure against external attack and internal attack. Moreover, the operations involved in our scheme are simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience to demonstrate the effectiveness and security of our scheme.
Abstract In this paper, we propose two multi-party quantum private comparison protocols based on the properties of the d-dimensional GHZ state. Protocol 1 is designed to compare the equality of multiple participants’ secrets with the help of a semi-honest third party TP. The semi-honest TP will follow the protocol honestly, but he may attempt to learn additional information from the protocol execution. In this protocol, multiple participants encode their secret information into the corresponding particles in turn through unitary operations, thereby achieving the comparison of the equality of their multiple secrets in a single execution. This protocol has a wide range of applications. For example, by combining the basic model framework of this protocol with the Chinese Remainder Theorem, we propose Protocol 2. In this protocol, multiple participants compare the size relationships of their multiple secrets with the help of a semi-honest third party TP. Therefore, based on the same basic model framework, the two protocols proposed in this paper can be applied respectively to the comparison of the equality and the size relationships of multiple participants’ secrets. Importantly, the two protocols do not require pre-shared keys. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocols can resist various attacks, including entangle-measure attack, intercept-resend attack, third party attacks, and participant attacks.
Abstract A new multi‐party semi‐quantum private comparison protocol of size relation is designed based on d ‐level GHZ states. Multiple classical participants could compare their privacies while keeping them secure under an ideal environment. Compared with some similar protocols, the classical participants in the designed protocol do not need to prepare and measure quantum states. Besides, the qubit efficiency of the protocol reaches 33.33%. It is demonstrated that the output result of the proposed protocol is correct. Finally, security analysis manifests that the proposed protocol behaves well in withstanding intercept‐resend attack, measure‐resend attack, entanglement attack, Trojan horse attack, and so on.