In this paper the question´s relevance investigates, if there can be an alternative explanation and if experiments are biased by the theory. If 1-9 below deals with the behaviour of mass: 1. E = mc2 2. m = L/c2 3. L = p1-n 4. E = hv 5. Ψ (t, x) = p1-n 6. E = aRb 7. S = ap1-nb 8. aRb = ap1-nb 9. E = mc2 = aRb = hv Then the new interpretation of the photoelectric effect is this formula: a (Ψ (x, t) = p1-n) b Light (L) is moving packages in Nature, which is the relation between a and b, i. e. the structure of b will be changed by R. L has the function of supporting b with packages needed by b. This gives a new interpretation of the photoelectric effect, by introducing the concept Transformer and aRb. The transformation of photons by a Transformer between systems functions only in combination with complimentary particles. Plants are Transformers and make sugar and oxygen by using water, carbon dioxide and light, i. e. the photosynthesis. The conclusion it that light does not exist in isolation, i. e. the photoelectric effect is only valid in laboratory experiments and it is not found in nature. The so-called photoelectric effect is only an imaginary effect, based on invalid postulates and theories of physics and chemistry, but in an artificial laboratory environment it works out.
In this paper the question´s relevance investigates, if there can be an alternative explanation and if experiments are biased by the theory. If 1-9 below deals with the behaviour of mass: 1. E = mc2 2. m = L/c2 3. L = p1-n 4. E = hv 5. Ψ (t, x) = p1-n 6. E = aRb 7. S = ap1-nb 8. aRb = ap1-nb 9. E = mc2 = aRb = hv Then the new interpretation of the photoelectric effect is this formula: a (Ψ (x, t) = p1-n) b Light (L) is moving packages in Nature, which is the relation between a and b, i. e. the structure of b will be changed by R. L has the function of supporting b with packages needed by b. This gives a new interpretation of the photoelectric effect, by introducing the concept Transformer and aRb. The transformation of photons by a Transformer between systems functions only in combination with complimentary particles. Plants are Transformers and make sugar and oxygen by using water, carbon dioxide and light, i. e. the photosynthesis. The conclusion it that light does not exist in isolation, i. e. the photoelectric effect is only valid in laboratory experiments and it is not found in nature. The so-called photoelectric effect is only an imaginary effect, based on invalid postulates and theories of physics and chemistry, but in an artificial laboratory environment it works out.
Feynman (1956) called the double slit experiment "a phenomenon […] has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery. We cannot make the mystery go away by ‘explaining’ how it works". To study the mystery, the double slit experiments were performed one photon at the time. The photons are described by probability wave function. To interpret, the concept of the collapse of the wave function is utilized. However, the collapse of the wave function leads to the inconsistent/incomplete of the quantum mechanics (Penrose, 2022). In this article, we propose Postulate: the diaphragm, e.g., the slide of the double slit, does not change the nature of the light passing through it. Then we perform multi-experiments to test Postulate, and show that, before and after passing the diaphragm of the double slit, the light is photons. It is photons that produce the wave pattern, e.g., the interference pattern. We referred the phenomena as “PhotonWave Phenomena”. Particle phenomena Wave phenomena Light as wave non Light waves produce wave patterns Light as photons Photons produce ejection of electrons: Photoelectric effect Photons produce wave patterns: PhotoWave phenomena A complete interpretation should consistently explain all of the experiments, which challenges the existing wave theories. The experiments show the coexistence of particle nature and wave pattern in the same experiment, which violate Bohr’s complementarity principle and the wave interpretations. The experiments provide the comprehensive phenomena for developing theoretical model to study the nature of the light, the complementarity principle, the wave-particle duality, and wave theories.
Startling findings concerning the Planck‟s quantum equation, E = hv, have been brought to light in this work. It has been conclusively proven that the conceptual correctness of this quantum equation cannot be justified by any physical reasoning, and that there have emerged a newly formulated but promising quantum equation, P = bv, which relates the power „P‟ of a quantum oscillator, such as a photon, with its frequency „v‟ (where ‘b’is the elementary quantum of energy observable in nature), to be the right kind of quantum equation. Since the core concept in the Einstein‟s theory of the photoelectric effect is critically dependent on the correctness of the Planck‟s quantum equation, bringing about an appropriate modification in the Einstein‟s derivation of the photoelectric effect has been deemed essential. Reformulation of the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation has been carried out in this work taking into consideration the newly emerged quantum perspective as well as the concept of energy-power dichotomy that photons and photoelectrons do exhibit. Thus, the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation expressed in all energy terms, Ee = hv h v0, is get converted into all power terms, Pe = bv bv0. This modified form of the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation has been found to be capable of providing satisfactory explanation to all the salient features the photoelectric effect exhibits.
Feynman (1956) called the double slit experiment "a phenomenon […] has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery. We cannot make the mystery go away by ‘explaining’ how it works". To study the mystery, the double slit experiments were performed one photon at the time. The photons are described by probability wave function. To interpret, the concept of the collapse of the wave function is utilized. However, the collapse of the wave function leads to the inconsistent/incomplete of the quantum mechanics (Penrose, 2022). In this article, we propose Postulate: the diaphragm, e.g., the slide of the double slit, does not change the nature of the light passing through it. Then we perform multi-experiments to test Postulate, and show that, before and after passing the diaphragm of the double slit, the light is photons. It is photons that produce the wave pattern, e.g., the interference pattern. We referred the phenomena as “PhotonWave Phenomena”. Particle phenomena Wave phenomena Light as wave non Light waves produce wave patterns Light as photons Photons produce ejection of electrons: Photoelectric effect Photons produce wave patterns: PhotoWave phenomena A complete interpretation should consistently explain all of the experiments, which challenges the existing wave theories. The experiments show the coexistence of particle nature and wave pattern in the same experiment, which violate Bohr’s complementarity principle and the wave interpretations. The experiments provide the comprehensive phenomena for developing theoretical model to study the nature of the light, the complementarity principle, the wave-particle duality, and wave theories.
This research aims to prove the dualism of the nature of light with the photoelectric effect experiment and the double slit experiment using simple tools. The experimental analysis method was used for this research. The photoelectric effect experiment that has been carried out successfully proves that light behaves as a particle, this is evidenced by f> f0, light emitted as small particles called photons. The double slit experiment conducted with one of the wave properties, namely interference, also proved that light behaves as a wave, resulting in the formation of dark and bright patterns. Both experiments can be conducted using simple tools, despite the limited facilities of the laboratory, so this experiment can still be done by utilizing existing tools and materials as an alternative.
You have probably encountered a system known as an "electric eye," which senses light from an artificial source or the sun. This information is used to open doors, count pedestrian or auto traffic, turn on lights at sunset, read holes in punched card, and for a host of other applications. Most of these devices are based on the photoelectric effect, which is the light-induced emission of electrons from atoms. The photoelectric effect completely baffled physicists at the time of its discovery. Einstein's explanation of this process, which won the Nobel Prize in 1921, was a major part of the twentieth-century revolution in physics known as the quantum theory. In this module we shall study the photoelectric and Compton effects, the processes that clearly demonstrate that the energy and momentum in electromagnetic waves are transferred as discrete entities called photons.
A hundred years ago, Planck and Einstein and others created quantum theories or quantum mechanics while they explained the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein empirically obtained a statistical relationship between the energy of light quantum and the frequency of light but have not studied the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, so some photoelectric phenomena are difficult to be explained by existing quantum mechanics currently. In this paper, a dynamical process of orthogonal interaction between a photon and an electron to form a new state of matter in photoelectric effect experiments is studied so finding that the Planck constant is a product value of the mass, length, and velocity of a high-energy particle. The dynamics of the orthogonal collision of matter (particles) can not only give the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, but also have great significance for the further development of quantum mechanics. It can physically explain phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement in the motion of high-energy particles. Its prospects can be widely used in cosmic physics, macro physics, and micro physics.