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European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC)

"Everything We Encrypt Today Could Be Cracked" — Exploring (Post) Quantum Cryptography Misconceptions

Victoria Kunde, Jan Magnus Nold, Jonas Hielscher

Published Sep 30, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1145/3688459.3688468

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Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everything from personal life to national security is inseparable from it. With the emergence of quantum computing, traditional encryption methods are at risk of being cracked. People are beginning to explore methods for defending against quantum computer attacks. Among the methods currently developed, quantum key distribution is a technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to distribute keys. Post-quantum encryption algorithms are encryption methods that rely on mathematical challenges that quantum computers cannot solve quickly to ensure security. In this study, an integrated review of post-quantum encryption algorithms is conducted from the perspective of traditional cryptography. First, the concept and development background of post-quantum encryption are introduced. Then, the post-quantum encryption algorithm Kyber is studied. Finally, the achievements, difficulties and outstanding problems in this emerging field are summarized, and some predictions for the future are made.

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Review of quantum theories for the design of post-quantum cryptosystems: CRYSTALS-Kyber as a case study

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Powerful new computers based on the principles of quantum mechanics could crack the codes that safeguard our information today. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is running a competition to find more secure encryption methods to address this future challenge. CRYSTALS-Kyber is a messaging scramble Algorithm built with a complex structure called a lattice. This design is considered secure against powerful quantum computers because there is no known shortcut for them to break the code efficiently, unlike some other classical encryption Algorithms. In this paper, we introduce primitive information about quantum characteristics, computation, and main gate circuits, as well as the quantum theories for the design of post-quantum cryptosystems. Then, we listed the main key players in the quantum field and their achievements. We also compared the programming platforms used in developing programs in a quantum environment. Finally, we focused on cryptography applications and showed some of the mathematics background required to build knowledge for post-quantum cryptography algorithms, especially the CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithms and its core block Number Theoretic Transformation (NTT).

IET conference proceedings.•Mar 1, 2025•1 citation
Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everything from personal life to national security is inseparable from it. With the emergence of quantum computing, traditional encryption methods are at risk of being cracked. People are beginning to explore methods for defending against quantum computer attacks. Among the methods currently developed, quantum key distribution is a technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to distribute keys. Post-quantum encryption algorithms are encryption methods that rely on mathematical challenges that quantum computers cannot solve quickly to ensure security. In this study, an integrated review of post-quantum encryption algorithms is conducted from the perspective of traditional cryptography. First, the concept and development background of post-quantum encryption are introduced. Then, the post-quantum encryption algorithm Kyber is studied. Finally, the achievements, difficulties and outstanding problems in this emerging field are summarized, and some predictions for the future are made.
The most recent quantum computers are capable of decoding secret encryption keys and opening up the network to attack by solving extremely difficult classical cryptography calculations. In contrast to the billions of years of calculation required by conventional computer equipment, they can nearly instantly solve complex mathematical calculations. The emergence of quantum computing and blockchains are two of the main technical developments both in academic and industry domains that are currently in progress. Researchers support the creation of innovative methods that incorporate encryption technology in the post-quantum computing. A lattice was utilized extensively in cryptography and those techniques were employed in both (a) cryptanalysis by utilizing lattice assumption to crack cryptosystems and (b) cryptography by exploiting challenging lattice problems in computational domain. The issues similar to the quantum attack and the execution of post-quantum signature verification in blockchains are a required scientific implementation in today’s world because blockchains have considerably advanced in recent years and learned numerous applications in various fields with the assumption that they will significantly improve their security. This chapter offers the theoretical underpinnings for current research in post-quantum cryptography that aims to integrate safe cryptographic primitives into blockchain technology.
Powerful new computers based on the principles of quantum mechanics could crack the codes that safeguard our information today. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is running a competition to find more secure encryption methods to address this future challenge. CRYSTALS-Kyber is a messaging scramble Algorithm built with a complex structure called a lattice. This design is considered secure against powerful quantum computers because there is no known shortcut for them to break the code efficiently, unlike some other classical encryption Algorithms. In this paper, we introduce primitive information about quantum characteristics, computation, and main gate circuits, as well as the quantum theories for the design of post-quantum cryptosystems. Then, we listed the main key players in the quantum field and their achievements. We also compared the programming platforms used in developing programs in a quantum environment. Finally, we focused on cryptography applications and showed some of the mathematics background required to build knowledge for post-quantum cryptography algorithms, especially the CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithms and its core block Number Theoretic Transformation (NTT).