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Optics Express

Fluorescent emission of NV centers in diamond pillars embedded in optical fibers: optimization using a hybrid model

Wen Qi Zhang, Marco Capelli, Shuo Li, Brett C. Johnson, Andrew D. Greentree, Philipp Reineck, David Simpson, H. Huynh, Heike Ebendorff‐Heidepriem, Brant C. Gibson, Alexander J. Healey, Shaghayegh Baghapour, Shahraam Afshar V.

Published Nov 17, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Diamond-embedded optical fibers with negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have great potential for remote and distributed magnetic field sensing. However, the magnetic field sensitivity of the currently proposed fiber configuration is limited. This work uses a numerical approach to investigate the effect of structured diamonds on enhancing the excitation and collection efficiency in an optical fiber through a hybrid modelling approach. The results revealed that a 690-times enhancement is achievable with a pillar-shaped diamond embedded in a fiber.

DOI
10.1364/oe.538502

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Diamond-embedded optical fibers with negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have great potential for remote and distributed magnetic field sensing. However, the magnetic field sensitivity of the currently proposed fiber configuration is limited. This work uses a numerical approach to investigate the effect of structured diamonds on enhancing the excitation and collection efficiency in an optical fiber through a hybrid modelling approach. The results revealed that a 690-times enhancement is achievable with a pillar-shaped diamond embedded in a fiber.
Negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers (NV−) in diamond serve as highly sensitive, optically readable sensors for magnetic fields. Improved sensing approaches rely on NV− centers embedded in diamond nanopillar waveguides, which enable scanning probe imaging and use multi-color laser schemes for efficient spin readout. In this work, we investigate the free-beam coupling of the most relevant laser wavelengths to diamond nanopillars with different geometries. We focus on cylindrical pillars, conical pillars, and conical pillars with an added parabolic dome. We study the effects of the pillar geometry, NV− position, laser wavelength, position of laser focus, and excitation geometry (excitation from the top facet or from the substrate side). We find a pronounced impact of the laser wavelength that should be considered in multi-color excitation of NV−. Within the pillars, exciting laser fields can be enhanced up to a factor of 11.12 compared to bulk. When focusing the laser to the interface between the substrate and the nanopillar, even up to 29.78-fold enhancement is possible. Our results are in accordance with the experimental findings for green laser excitation of NV− in different pillar geometries.
Diamond containing the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant sensing platform. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and therefore are limited to laboratory settings. By embedding micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, we demonstrate a robust fiber material capable of sensing magnetic fields. Luminescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance characterization reveal that the optical properties of NV centers in the diamond microcrystals are well preserved throughout the fiber drawing process. The hybrid fiber presents a low propagation loss of ∼4.0 dB/m in the NV emission spectral window, permitting remote monitoring of the optically detected magnetic resonance signals. We demonstrate NV-spin magnetic resonance readout through 50 cm of fiber. This study paves a way for the scalable fabrication of fiber-based diamond sensors for field-deployable quantum metrology applications.
A magnetic field sensor based on a fiber-optic integrated probe at the center of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) is proposed and demonstrated. Fiber optics are utilized to replace all conventional spatial optics while efficiently enabling laser excitation and fluorescence collection from diamond. Optical models were developed to study the fluorescence collection efficiency of diamond. The fiber-coupled probe was simulated and its efficiency was improved to 3.062% compared to the 0.607% fluorescence coupling efficiency of the fiber. The optical probe magnetic resonance (ODMR) phenomenon was successfully observed and significantly improved the magnetic field sensitivity to 5.3 nT/Hz1/2, which proved the feasibility and performance compared with the conventional confocal NV-centered magnetometer.
Efficient collection of photoluminescence arising from spin dynamics of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is important for practical applications involving precise magnetic field or temperature mapping. These goals may be realized by the integration of nanodiamond particles with optical fibers and volumetric doping of the particles alongside the fiber core. That approach combines the advantages of robust axial fixation of NV diamonds with a direct spatial overlap of their fluorescence with the guided mode of the fiber. We developed a suspended core silicate glass fiber with 750 nm-diameter nanodiamonds located centrally in the 1.5 µm-core cross-section along its axis. The developed fiber probe was tested for its magnetic sensing performance in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements using a 24 cm-long fiber sample, with the NV excitation and fluorescence collection from the far ends of the sample and yielding optical readout contrast of 7% resulting in 0.5 µT·Hz-1/2 magnetic field sensitivity, two orders of magnitude better than in earlier designs. Thanks to its improved fluorescence confinement, the developed probe could find application in magnetic sensing over extended fiber length, magnetic field mapping or gradiometry.
Using an optical fiber to both excite the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond and collect its fluorescence is essential to build NV-based endoscope-type sensor. Such endoscope-type sensor can reach inaccessible fields for traditional NV-based sensors built by bulky optical components and extend the application areas. Since single NV's fluorescence is weak and can easily be buried in fluorescence from optical fiber core's oxide defects excited by the green laser, fixing a micrometer size diamond containing high-density NVs rather than a nanodiamond containing single NV or several NVs on the apex of an optical fiber to build an endoscope-type sensor is more implementable. Unfortunately, due to small numerical aperture (NA), most of the optical fibers have a low fluorescence collection efficiency, which limits the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the NV-based endoscope-type sensor. Here, using a tapered optical fiber (TOF) tip, we significantly improve the efficiency of the laser excitation and fluorescence collection of the NV ensembles in diamond. This could potentially enhance the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the NV-based endoscope-type sensor. Numerical calculations show that the TOF tip delivers a high NA and has a high NV excitation and fluorescence collection efficiency. Experiments demonstrate that such TOF tip can obtain up to over 7-fold excitation efficiency and over 15-fold fluorescence collection efficiency of that from a flat-ended fiber (non-TOF) tip.