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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)

Embedding Diamond Pillars in Optical Fibers: A Numerical Approach to Optimize the Collection of NV-Emission

Wen Qi Zhang, Shaghayegh Baghapour, Marco Capelli, S. Li, Brett C. Johnson, Andrew D. Greentree, Philipp Reineck, David Simpson, H. Ebendroff-Heidepriem, Brant C. Gibson, Shahraam Afshar V.

Published Aug 4, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A hybrid numerical approach is presented to design diamond pillars to enhance the excitation and collection of incoherent NV- photoluminescence for magnetic field sensing. The designed geometry has 690 times higher signal strength than average.
DOI
10.1109/cleo-pr60912.2024.10676518

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Diamond-embedded optical fibers with negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have great potential for remote and distributed magnetic field sensing. However, the magnetic field sensitivity of the currently proposed fiber configuration is limited. This work uses a numerical approach to investigate the effect of structured diamonds on enhancing the excitation and collection efficiency in an optical fiber through a hybrid modelling approach. The results revealed that a 690-times enhancement is achievable with a pillar-shaped diamond embedded in a fiber.
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Negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers (NV−) in diamond serve as highly sensitive, optically readable sensors for magnetic fields. Improved sensing approaches rely on NV− centers embedded in diamond nanopillar waveguides, which enable scanning probe imaging and use multi-color laser schemes for efficient spin readout. In this work, we investigate the free-beam coupling of the most relevant laser wavelengths to diamond nanopillars with different geometries. We focus on cylindrical pillars, conical pillars, and conical pillars with an added parabolic dome. We study the effects of the pillar geometry, NV− position, laser wavelength, position of laser focus, and excitation geometry (excitation from the top facet or from the substrate side). We find a pronounced impact of the laser wavelength that should be considered in multi-color excitation of NV−. Within the pillars, exciting laser fields can be enhanced up to a factor of 11.12 compared to bulk. When focusing the laser to the interface between the substrate and the nanopillar, even up to 29.78-fold enhancement is possible. Our results are in accordance with the experimental findings for green laser excitation of NV− in different pillar geometries.
Diamond containing the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant sensing platform. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and therefore are limited to laboratory settings. By embedding micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, we demonstrate a robust fiber material capable of sensing magnetic fields. Luminescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance characterization reveal that the optical properties of NV centers in the diamond microcrystals are well preserved throughout the fiber drawing process. The hybrid fiber presents a low propagation loss of ∼4.0 dB/m in the NV emission spectral window, permitting remote monitoring of the optically detected magnetic resonance signals. We demonstrate NV-spin magnetic resonance readout through 50 cm of fiber. This study paves a way for the scalable fabrication of fiber-based diamond sensors for field-deployable quantum metrology applications.