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Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences

From Properties of Virtual Photon to Wave-Particle Duality

Liudmila Borisovna Boldyreva

Published Sep 13, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The aim of this work is to show that the wave properties of quantum objects are determined by the wave properties of virtual photons created by these objects: in particular, the frequency of the wave function of quantum object equals the frequency of precession of spin of virtual photon created by the quantum object. The quantum objects called as “entangled” are objects having equal and co-oriented frequencies of precession of spin of virtual photons created by these quantum objects. The quantum correlations between quantum objects are accomplished by spin supercurrent transferring angular momentum (angles of precession and angles of deflection) between precessing spins of virtual photons created by the objects.The creation of interference pattern by quantum objects passing through a crystal lattice can be a result of existence of two properties of virtual photons: first, the existence of electric and spin components that might interact with the crystal lattice; secondly, these components perform periodic oscillation and the time between two such interactions is a multiple of the oscillation period.

DOI
10.47363/jpsos/2024(6)261

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The aim of this work is to show that the wave properties of quantum objects are determined by the wave properties of virtual photons created by these objects: in particular, the frequency of the wave function of quantum object equals the frequency of precession of spin of virtual photon created by the quantum object. The quantum objects called as “entangled” are objects having equal and co-oriented frequencies of precession of spin of virtual photons created by these quantum objects. The quantum correlations between quantum objects are accomplished by spin supercurrent transferring angular momentum (angles of precession and angles of deflection) between precessing spins of virtual photons created by the objects.The creation of interference pattern by quantum objects passing through a crystal lattice can be a result of existence of two properties of virtual photons: first, the existence of electric and spin components that might interact with the crystal lattice; secondly, these components perform periodic oscillation and the time between two such interactions is a multiple of the oscillation period.
The aim of the paper is to show that there is a physical process which could underlie the wave properties of matter. A comparison has been drawn between the properties of a pair of electrically unlike virtual particles created by a quantum entity in the physical vacuum and the characteristics of the quantum entity wave function. Analogies were revealed between the spin precession frequency of pair of virtual particles and the wave function frequency, between the size of the electric dipole produced by a pair of virtual particles and the wave function wavelength, and also between the angle of spin precession of pair of virtual particles and the wave function phase. It is shown that quantum correlations of quantum entities may be caused by spin correlations (by spin supercurrents) between virtual particles created by the quantum entities in the physical vacuum. It is shown that the wave properties of a quantum entity are due to precession of spin of pair of virtual particles created by the quantum entity in the physical vacuum.
The aim of the work is to show that the study of following properties of electrons in atoms: stability of motion, the Pauli exclusion principle; the effect of electrons state (singlet or triplet) in hydrogen atoms on creating from them of the hydrogen molecule, - can be carried out based on concepts of classical mechanics (forces, moments). The contemporary investigation of topic “The Properties of Electrons in Atoms” is based on concepts of quantum mechanics, in particular on notions of electron wave function having probabilistic character. However, it is very difficult to perform the exact description of deterministic processes from the standpoint of probability theory. It has been proven in this work that description of properties of electrons in atom may be performed with using the concept of virtual photons created by the considered electrons. The concept of virtual photons was developed by Nobel Prize winner R. Feynman in 1949; one of the main properties of virtual photons is their ability to interact with each other by electric dipole interaction. The virtual photon is a unique object: except deterministic characteristic-(electric dipole moment) it has one of the attributes of wave function of the quantum object that created the virtual photon: the size of virtual photon equals the wavelength of this quantum object wave function. This is the reason why the description of properties of electrons in atom based on the concept of virtual photon created by atomic electrons is in accordance with some conclusions of quantum mechanical description of those properties.
We study wave-particle duality by exploring for the first time effects of a quantum object's source. A single photon emitted from a pair of nonlocally entangled two-level atoms is specifically analyzed. Surprisingly, duality is found to be a conditional phenomenon depending on the photon's atomic source. It can be tuned maximum, medium, and even minimum (completely absent) by the atomic state purity through an exact quadratic relation that can be called Duality Pythagorean Theorem. The analysis shows a new way of investigating duality by accounting how the single quantum object is created. The result sheds a new light on the fundamental understanding of the completeness of wave-particle duality, and can be tested in various practical physical systems.
One of the cornerstones of quantum physics is the wave nature of matter. It explains experimentally observed effects like interference and diffraction, occurring when an object moves from one place to another along several indistinguishable ways simultaneously. The wave nature disappears when the individual ways are distinguishable. In this case, the particle nature of the object becomes visible. To determine the particle nature quantitatively, the way of the object has to be measured. Here, large progress has been made recently with new techniques, enabling one to investigate single moving atoms in a controlled manner. Two examples are discussed in the following two sections. The first experiment describes an atom interferometer, where the way of the atom is entangled with its internal state. This allows one to explore the origin of wave-particle duality and perform a quantitative test of this fundamental principle. The second experiment reports on the observation of an atom-photon molecule, a bound state between an atom and a single photon. A fascinating aspect of this system is that it makes possible to monitor the motion of a single neutral atom in real time.
The wave-particle duality is one of the most intriguing properties of quantum objects. The duality is rather pervasive in the quantum world in the sense that not only classical particles sometimes behave like waves, but also classical waves, e.g., light, may behave as point particles. In this article, motivated by the wave-particle duality, I develop a deterministic time-crystal Lorentz-covariant mechanical model for an electron with spin. In the proposed time-crystal model an electron is formed by two components: a particle-type component that transports the electric charge, and a wave component that moves at the speed of light and whirls around the massive component. Interestingly, the motion of the particle-component is completely ruled by the trajectory of the wave-component, somewhat analogous to the pilot-wave theory of de Broglie-Bohm. The dynamics of the time-crystal electron is controlled by a generalized least action principle. The model predicts that the electron stationary states have a constant spin angular momentum, predicts the spin vector precession in a magnetic field and gives a possible explanation for the physical origin of the anomalous magnetic moment. Remarkably, the developed model has nonlocal features that prevent the divergence of the self-field interactions. The classical theory of the electron is recovered as an effective theory valid on a coarse time scale. The reported results suggest that time-crystal models may be used to describe some features of the quantum world that are inaccessible to the standard classical theory.
The wave-particle duality has been said to contain the entire mystery of quantum mechanics. Many delayed-choice experiments have been performed to further understand the wave-particle duality. Here, we reveal some flaws in the known interference theories by comparing the theoretical predictions with the experimental facts and show that the presence of media is a necessary condition for interference of single photons, a photon interferes with other photon via microscopic particles in the interface of media, and the wave-like property of a photon originates from interaction between the photon and media; the particle property is the inherent characteristic of a photon, and the wave-like behavior of a photon always accompanies the particle behavior; the coherent time of single photons cannot be longer than the lifetime of the polarized states of the microscopic particles. Interference of single photons is interpreted properly, and the conundrum of the wave-particle duality is well solved.