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Physical Review Applied

Broadband suppression of laser intensity noise based on second-harmonic generation

Y. Li, F. Seddighi, Gil Porat

Published Jul 11, 2024• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a novel method for the suppression of laser intensity noise and pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuation, based on second-harmonic generation. This method is broadband, passive, has low complexity, and suppresses noise uniformly over the noise spectrum. We theoretically model, analytically analyze, and numerically simulate this technique's performance for cw and nanosecond pulse lasers with different pulse shapes. We demonstrate broadband relative intensity noise suppression of up to 48 dB, and pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuation suppression of up to 50 dB, and highlight the significance of these findings for extending atom trap storage time, e.g., for quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014026

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We present a novel method for the suppression of laser intensity noise and pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuation, based on second-harmonic generation. This method is broadband, passive, has low complexity, and suppresses noise uniformly over the noise spectrum. We theoretically model, analytically analyze, and numerically simulate this technique's performance for cw and nanosecond pulse lasers with different pulse shapes. We demonstrate broadband relative intensity noise suppression of up to 48 dB, and pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuation suppression of up to 50 dB, and highlight the significance of these findings for extending atom trap storage time, e.g., for quantum information processing.
Laser intensity noise limits performance in quantum sensing, metrology, and computing. Existing stabilization methods face a trade-off between bandwidth and complexity: electronic feedback loops are speed-limited, while optical resonators are constrained by narrow linewidths and locking requirements. Here, we demonstrate an all-optical "noise eater" that passively suppresses intensity fluctuations from DC to >10 gigahertz. By leveraging high-efficiency second-harmonic generation in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides, we operate at a pump-depletion stationary point where input fluctuations are decoupled from the output to first order. This passive and nonresonant nanophotonic device suppresses relative intensity noise by 25 to 60 dB over the full measurement bandwidth and stabilizes a noisy fiber amplifier output to the shot-noise limit. Our results establish a scalable, wide-bandwidth paradigm for laser stabilization essential for high-throughput quantum technologies and deployable photonic sensing systems.
An extremely conspicuous passive power noise stabilization is the first, to the best of our knowledge, discovered in a cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) process. Differing from the SHG as a buffer reservoir, the stronger strength of the nonlinear interaction pushes the power noise suppression level to a higher value and exhibits a broadband noise reduction performance due to the mechanism of dynamic pump suppression in the SHG process. The noise is suppressed to near shot noise limit (SNL) among the kHz to MHz frequency range, accompanied by a maximum noise reduction of 35 dB. A comprehensive demonstration indicates that the nonlinear interaction has no function on the phase noise of fundamental and harmonic waves. A theoretical model is also established that is consistent well with the experimental results. The methodology is beneficial to multiple optical metrology experiments.
Abstract Laser intensity noise limits performance in quantum sensing, metrology, and computing. Existing stabilization methods face a trade-off between bandwidth and complexity: electronic feedback loops are speed-limited, while optical resonators are constrained by narrow linewidths and locking requirements. Here, we demonstrate an all-optical "noise eater" that passively suppresses intensity fluctuations from DC to > 10 gigahertz. By leveraging high-efficiency second-harmonic generation in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides, we operate at a pump-depletion stationary point where input fluctuations are decoupled from the output to first order. This passive and nonresonant nanophotonic device suppresses relative intensity noise by 25 to 60 dB over the full measurement bandwidth and stabilizes a noisy fiber amplifier output to the shot-noise limit. Our results establish a scalable, wide-bandwidth paradigm for laser stabilization essential for high-throughput quantum technologies and deployable photonic sensing systems.
We present a novel fiber-interferometric device that achieves dual functionality: simultaneous amplification of the pulsed input signal and generation of its second harmonic while effectively suppressing the intensity noise in both modes, reaching the standard quantum-limit. The underlaying mechanism is based on phase-biased nonlinear polarization rotation coupled with type-I phase-matched second harmonic generation, a concept that is both theoretically investigated and experimentally verified. In the experiment, a fiber-optic system is constructed capable of generating 42 MHz ultra-low noise sub-150 fs output pulse trains simultaneously at 1030 nm and 515 nm, with average powers of 165 mW and 50 mW, respectively. Systematic frequency-resolved intensity noise measurements confirm dual wavelength, quantum-limited noise suppression beyond 100 kHz offset-frequency, with suppression levels up to 14 dB, showing correlation with local maxima in average power in both fundamental and second harmonic mode.
Broadband near-to-shot-noise suppression of the intensity noise from a continuous-wave (cw) fiber laser at 1550 nm is demonstrated at GHz-frequencies using feed-forward phase-matched destructive noise interference impressed onto the optical signal with a fiber electro-optic power modulator. The scheme is independent of the laser frequency and therefore is suitable for tunable lasers. It can be used with some modifications after an optical fiber-amplifier boosting a cw laser signal. A noise residual of down to 2 dB above the shot-noise was measured, which is about 2 dB below the prediction with a rigorous noise model. While the total laser noise can be removed, inclusive shot noise, because the latter is still 10 dB above the thermal noise, the power splitter introduces some partition noise above the shot level. In that case, a sub-shot-noise suppression scheme should be possible by replacing the photon anti-correlation of the power splitter by the co-correlation obtained from a paired photon or twin beam source.
Optical lattices for coherently manipulating ultracold atoms demand high-power, low-noise, narrow-line-width, and continuous-wave lasers. Here, we report the implementation of a 30 W 532 nm low-noise laser by second harmonic generation from a 1064 nm fiber laser, which is capable to generate optical lattices for a quantum gas microscope of Rb87 atoms. The overall conversion efficiency is 59% at an input power of 51 W with a lithium triborate crystal coupled to a ring cavity. The relative intensity noise of the output laser is suppressed to -120 dBc/Hz in the range of 10 Hz-100 kHz with a high dynamic range of over 50 dB, which is suitable for long-term trapping and coherent manipulation of the quantum gases.