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Journal of Applied Physics

Atomic-like Autler–Townes splitting controlled by destructive and constructive natural non-Hermitian quantization in Eu3+: BiPO4

Muhammad Usman, Iqbal Hussain, Faisal Munir, Muhammad Kashif Majeed, Faisal Nadeem, Usman Javed, Qinyue Yang, Huanrong Fan, Yanpeng Zhang

Published Jun 25, 2024• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report atomic-like Autler–Townes splitting controlled by destructive and constructive natural non-Hermitian quantization in Eu3+: BiPO4. For the first time, we explored destructive and constructive AT splitting in different regions. Fluorescence (FL), spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM), and shot noise signals exhibit different kinds of AT splitting. FL signal exhibits three level dip AT splitting through destructive quantization, SFWM signals exhibit peak and multi-dip AT splitting through constructive quantization, and shot noise signals exhibit a two-level dip AT splitting. These kinds of AT splitting originate through single photon dressing and double photon–phonon dressing, which can be controlled by adjusting experimental parameters. Our atomic-like Autler–Townes-splitting technique is useful for making a spectral router.

DOI
10.1063/5.0205501

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Results in Physics•Jun 16, 2024•3 citations
We report atomic-like Autler–Townes splitting controlled by destructive and constructive natural non-Hermitian quantization in Eu3+: BiPO4. For the first time, we explored destructive and constructive AT splitting in different regions. Fluorescence (FL), spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM), and shot noise signals exhibit different kinds of AT splitting. FL signal exhibits three level dip AT splitting through destructive quantization, SFWM signals exhibit peak and multi-dip AT splitting through constructive quantization, and shot noise signals exhibit a two-level dip AT splitting. These kinds of AT splitting originate through single photon dressing and double photon–phonon dressing, which can be controlled by adjusting experimental parameters. Our atomic-like Autler–Townes-splitting technique is useful for making a spectral router.
We report super broad non-Hermitian line shape from out-of-phase and in-phase photon-phonon dressing (quantization) in Eu3+: NaYF4 and Eu3+: BiPO4 nanocrystals. The line shape is controlled by changing time gate position, time gate width, power, temperature, sample, photomultiplier tubes, and laser. We observed that the fluorescence (FL) line-shape contrasts are 69.23% for Eu3+: BiPO4 and 43.75% for Eu3+: NaYF4, owing to the stronger out-of-phase photon-phonon dressing (destructive quantization). Moreover, we observed that the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) line shape was approximately three times wider at 300 K than at 77 K for the [(12:1)-phase] Eu3+: NaYF4 due to more high-frequency in-phase phonon dressing (strong constructive quantization). Furthermore, we showed that the noise line-shape width remains unchanged for Eu3+: BiPO4 (16 nm) and Eu3+: NaYF4 (12 nm) due to out-of-phase and in-phase photon-phonon dressing balance. Such results have potential applications in multi-channel band stop filter.
crystal. Such atomic coherence spectral interaction evolves from out-of-phase fluorescence to in-phase spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) by changing the time gate. The dressing dip switch and three dressing dips of SFWM result from the strong photon-phonon destructive cross- and self-interaction for the hexagonal phase, respectively. More phonon dressing results in the destructive interaction, while less phonon dressing results in the constructive interaction of the atomic coherences. The experimental measurements of the photon-phonon interaction agree with the theoretical simulations. Based on our results, we proposed a model for an optical transistor (as an amplifier and switch).
Abstract For the first time, the Autler Townes‐splitting dependency on parity‐time symmetry breaking is investigated. The first‐, second‐, and third‐order splitting in spectral domain outputs obtained through different phase transitions of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 are explored. First‐order splitting corresponds to pure crystal field splitting attributed to the shifting of energy levels and the inherent effect of the crystal field. Second/third‐order splitting results from the coexistence of crystal field and non‐Hermitian spectral Autler Townes (SAT)‐splitting caused by single‐photon dressing coupled with the interaction of phonon and double photon–phonon dressing. It is further explored the relationship between spectral and temporal‐domain splitting obtained through the different phases of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 by changing the laser detuning. It is authenticated that the contributions of crystal field, photon, and phonon dressing interactions can only be individually distinguished in the spectral domain. Moreover, the experiment results suggest the analogy of an optical 4 × 1 multiplexer with a channel spacing contrast of ≈91% and an optical router with a channel equalization ratio of ≈93%.
We compare the atomic coherence time of doped ion crystals, i.e., BiPO4: Eu3+, YPO4: Eu3+, YPO4: Pr3+, and Y2SiO5: Pr3 + crystals. Such atomic coherence time is controlled by crystal field splitting (CF-splitting) and optical (photon and phonon) dressing. Compared with the other doped ion crystals, BiPO4: Eu3+ exhibits the longest coherence time. By controlling thermal phonon, phase-transition phonon, broadband or narrowband excitation, and fluorescence (FL) or spontaneous four-wave-mixing ratio (S-FWM), a superior atomic coherence time of up to 10 ± 0.6 ms is achieved in the pure hexagonal (0.5:1) phase of BiPO4: Eu3+. Furthermore, the relationship between TAT-splitting and spectral Autler–Townes (SAT)-splitting was investigated. This superior atomic coherence time has potential applications in quantum memory devices.
We report photon-phonon dressing quantization dependency on polarization. Destructive dressing polarization quantization is exhibited in fluorescence (FL) for narrowband signals, while constructive dominant dressing quantization is exhibited in fluorescence (FL) for broadband signals due to phase perturbation. Furthermore, constructive polarization quantization results due to coexistence of generation and dressing effects in strong and competitive Rabi frequency. Low power also contributes to more dressing polarization quantization, the same as in the FL region (large de-phase rate). Furthermore, linear and circular dressing quantization with polarization quantization shows inverse and direct relationships in the FL and spontaneous four-wave-mixing (SFWM) regions, respectively. Such investigations have potential in alignment of crystal field (CF) redistribution by polarization quantization at the input.
We investigated the photon and phonon alignment for two dressing interaction profile in Eu+3: NaYF4. The evolution from strong to weak interaction alignment can be controlled by time gate width and time gate position, which shows that time gate position seems more sensitive than time gate width, while changing both can make interaction alignment oscillation due to two phonon and one photon quantization. Fluorescence FL signal switch from dip to peak interaction profile due to strong gamma, while the Super-Fluorescence SFWM signal switch from peak to dip interaction profile due to strong Rabi frequency (G). Comparing single laser spectral alignment to two-laser interaction alignment, the FL and SFWM shows dressing peak dip switch (spectral to interaction profile). In contrast, there is no switch in AT (spectral to interaction profile) because, the phase difference of the second laser balances the destructive and constructive dressing quantization’s. Such results can have potential applications in fine and hyper structure interaction alignment in non-polar ion.