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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Optical Router and 4 × 1 Multiplexer of Coexisting Crystal Field and Non‐Hermitian Autler‐Townes Splitting Controlled by Photon–Phonon Dressing in Eu 3+ : BiPO 4

Anas Mujahid, Huanrong Fan, Yafen Wang, Faizan Raza, Irfan Ahmed, Yaxin Guo, Faisal Munir, Muhammad Usman, Bo Li, Yanpeng Zhang

Published Sep 8, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract For the first time, the Autler Townes‐splitting dependency on parity‐time symmetry breaking is investigated. The first‐, second‐, and third‐order splitting in spectral domain outputs obtained through different phase transitions of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 are explored. First‐order splitting corresponds to pure crystal field splitting attributed to the shifting of energy levels and the inherent effect of the crystal field. Second/third‐order splitting results from the coexistence of crystal field and non‐Hermitian spectral Autler Townes (SAT)‐splitting caused by single‐photon dressing coupled with the interaction of phonon and double photon–phonon dressing. It is further explored the relationship between spectral and temporal‐domain splitting obtained through the different phases of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 by changing the laser detuning. It is authenticated that the contributions of crystal field, photon, and phonon dressing interactions can only be individually distinguished in the spectral domain. Moreover, the experiment results suggest the analogy of an optical 4 × 1 multiplexer with a channel spacing contrast of ≈91% and an optical router with a channel equalization ratio of ≈93%.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202300136

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RSC Advances•Jan 1, 2020•2 citations
Abstract For the first time, the Autler Townes‐splitting dependency on parity‐time symmetry breaking is investigated. The first‐, second‐, and third‐order splitting in spectral domain outputs obtained through different phase transitions of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 are explored. First‐order splitting corresponds to pure crystal field splitting attributed to the shifting of energy levels and the inherent effect of the crystal field. Second/third‐order splitting results from the coexistence of crystal field and non‐Hermitian spectral Autler Townes (SAT)‐splitting caused by single‐photon dressing coupled with the interaction of phonon and double photon–phonon dressing. It is further explored the relationship between spectral and temporal‐domain splitting obtained through the different phases of Eu 3+ : BiPO 4 by changing the laser detuning. It is authenticated that the contributions of crystal field, photon, and phonon dressing interactions can only be individually distinguished in the spectral domain. Moreover, the experiment results suggest the analogy of an optical 4 × 1 multiplexer with a channel spacing contrast of ≈91% and an optical router with a channel equalization ratio of ≈93%.
We compare the Autler–Townes (AT)-splitting in E u 3 + : Y P O 4 , P r 3 + : Y P O 4 , and P r 3 + : Y 2 S i O 5 crystals. The AT-splitting in P r 3 + : Y 2 S i O 5 is stronger than other two-doped crystals, while the P r 3 + ion has a stronger dressing than the E u 3 + ion in a host material of YPO. The stronger dressing in YSO is attributed to the C 2 h symmetry of the YSO crystal and its nondegeneracy, making the dressing sensitive to doped material. By investigating the relationship between spectral AT-splitting (SAT-splitting) and temporal AT-splitting (TAT-splitting), we observed that TAT-splitting depends upon the dressing effect and phonon-assisted nonradiative transition whereas SAT-splitting results only from the dressing effect. Based on our results, we proposed a model for an optical router and transistor (amplifier and switch). The router action results from the SAT- and TAT-splitting while the transistor was realized by a switch from bright to dark dressed states.
We report atomic-like Autler–Townes splitting controlled by destructive and constructive natural non-Hermitian quantization in Eu3+: BiPO4. For the first time, we explored destructive and constructive AT splitting in different regions. Fluorescence (FL), spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM), and shot noise signals exhibit different kinds of AT splitting. FL signal exhibits three level dip AT splitting through destructive quantization, SFWM signals exhibit peak and multi-dip AT splitting through constructive quantization, and shot noise signals exhibit a two-level dip AT splitting. These kinds of AT splitting originate through single photon dressing and double photon–phonon dressing, which can be controlled by adjusting experimental parameters. Our atomic-like Autler–Townes-splitting technique is useful for making a spectral router.
We compare the atomic coherence time of doped ion crystals, i.e., BiPO4: Eu3+, YPO4: Eu3+, YPO4: Pr3+, and Y2SiO5: Pr3 + crystals. Such atomic coherence time is controlled by crystal field splitting (CF-splitting) and optical (photon and phonon) dressing. Compared with the other doped ion crystals, BiPO4: Eu3+ exhibits the longest coherence time. By controlling thermal phonon, phase-transition phonon, broadband or narrowband excitation, and fluorescence (FL) or spontaneous four-wave-mixing ratio (S-FWM), a superior atomic coherence time of up to 10 ± 0.6 ms is achieved in the pure hexagonal (0.5:1) phase of BiPO4: Eu3+. Furthermore, the relationship between TAT-splitting and spectral Autler–Townes (SAT)-splitting was investigated. This superior atomic coherence time has potential applications in quantum memory devices.
Abstract Laser interaction with doped crystals exhibiting photon–photon and photon–phonon coupling has been focused on recently. In pretext, here we report the spectral and temporal profile interaction of two lasers excitation through various phases of Eu3+: BiPO4 crystals. We reveal that spectral-temporal profile interaction of hybrid signals (coexisting fluorescence and spontaneous four-wave mixing) are dressed by nested and cascade processes of two-photons (two-phonon). Such interaction comes from thermal phonon constructive and phase transition phonon destructive dressing. The spectral and temporal (profile) interactions are interrelated and reduced by about 2-times due to two-photon nested dressing in contrast to the interaction through the sum of each laser excitation. In contrast to a single laser, spectral (Fano)-dip interaction reduces by 2-times due to two-photon destructive dressing coupling. Moreover, thermal phonon dressing at 300 K exhibits 3-times more extensive temporal interaction than that at 77 K. The phase transition phonon dressing for a half hexagonal and half low-temperature monoclinic phase is about 1.5-times longer than that of the pure hexagonal phase of Eu3+: BiPO4. These results may help to understand the spectral-temporal relationship in the fields of nonlinear and quantum optics.
ion in the host material of YPO. Furthermore, we observed that the ratio of primary and secondary TAT-splitting can be controlled by the single and double dressing effect using the power and detuning of employed laser fields. In our experiment, we observed that secondary splitting from secondary dressed levels can only be observed at the resonance wavelength in the three-level system. Based on the results, we proposed a model for a multi-channel optical router and logic NAND gate. The routing action results from primary and secondary TAT-splitting, while the NAND gate was realized by the primary dressed states.