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Communications in Theoretical Physics

Quantum multicast based on joint remote state preparation

Zhihua Zhang, Beining Shen, H. X. Zhang, Zhipeng Qiu

Published Jun 24, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Effective propagation of information among multiple users is the purpose of realizing large-scale quantum communication networks. In this paper, multicast protocols for any single, two and three qubits with real amplitude and complex phase information are presented. They were realized using a composite of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states as shared channels. Joint remote state preparation was the main method for completing quantum multicast. At the same time, quantum state tomography of the schemes was carried out on the IBM Quantum platform. The obtained states were compared with the target states by fidelity. The analysis of communication efficiency and noise effects shows that our protocol has advantages in the case of complex coefficients.

DOI
10.1088/1572-9494/ad5ae7

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Abstract Effective propagation of information among multiple users is the purpose of realizing large-scale quantum communication networks. In this paper, multicast protocols for any single, two and three qubits with real amplitude and complex phase information are presented. They were realized using a composite of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states as shared channels. Joint remote state preparation was the main method for completing quantum multicast. At the same time, quantum state tomography of the schemes was carried out on the IBM Quantum platform. The obtained states were compared with the target states by fidelity. The analysis of communication efficiency and noise effects shows that our protocol has advantages in the case of complex coefficients.
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Abstract Joint remote state preparation (JRSP) has gained much attention since its first appearance. However, almost all the proposals have focused on the JRSP of pure states. In this paper, we present a scheme of JRSP for mixed states via the three-qubit GHZ state. The scheme is deterministic for real coefficient mixed states and probabilistic for complex ones. The corresponding quantum circuits are given for the deterministic JRSP schemes. The model of the deterministic JRSP scheme is introduced in the language of density operators. Furthermore, we investigate the efficiency of deterministic JRSP when some qubits in the protocol are subjected to a noisy environment. Four types of noise usually encountered in quantum communication are considered, i.e. the bit-flip, phase-flip (phase-damping), depolarizing and amplitude-damping noise. We find that the fidelity is affected by both coefficients of the target mixed state and noise parameter of the channel. Specifically, the fidelity decreases with the purity parameter in the presence of noise.
We put forward two novel and perfect protocols for preparing an arbitrary single–particle state and simultaneously implementing a rotation operator or an arbitrary unitary operator on that particle. There are schemes for either only teleporting particles or only remotely controlling quantun particles. If one has to remotely control a prepared quantum, then he/ she has to first do remote state preparation and then executes the remote control on the prepared quantum. Both operations ware done separately on two sets of entanglements. However, this intuitive solution is inefficient because many resources are wasted. Thus, we attempt to complete both operations by sharing one three–particle Greenberger–Horne– Zeilinger (GHZ) state. Comparing our two protocols with the corresponding intuitive solutions, respectively, the results show that our protocols are more efficient than the corresponding intuitive solutions. Only Pauli operators, controlled–NOT gate, Bell–state measurement, single–qubit measurement, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) state and GHZ state are used in our schemes, so these schemes are easily realized in physical experiment.
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Abstract Multiparty‐controlled joint remote state preparation (MCJRSP) enables multiple senders to jointly prepare an arbitrary state for a distant receiver via the control of multiple agents within a quantum network. The multipartite Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state is commonly employed as a key resource in MCJRSP protocols. However, the depth requirements of unitary circuits for GHZ state preparation and the unreliable long‐distance distribution of GHZ states limit the practical applications of these MCJRSP tasks under current conditions. To overcome these limitations, a practical MCJRSP scheme is presented for remotely preparing arbitrary single‐particle state without GHZ states. This scheme is further extended to remote preparation of arbitrary multi‐particle state. The performance of the protocol is analyzed under certain types of noise, and compare it with existing GHZ‐state‐based protocols. The results indicate that the protocol exhibits superior robustness under noisy conditions when preparing multi‐particle states. Moreover, it requires fewer quantum resources and does not necessitate classical communication. Additionally, the protocol offers a unique advantage: it can tolerate an arbitrary number of non‐responsive agents. This study provides a more feasible and efficient approach for realizing MCJRSP in long‐distance quantum communication networks.