Yearly the number of breast cancer subjects are rising exponentially. In fact, breast cancer is very deadly, and all over the world the losses are increasing. It is very important to have an improved system to predict and diagnose the cancer effectively, which helps the subjects to have a better quality of life. In fact, it is crucial to have an accurate prediction system to improve the treatment and chances of survival. Moreover, earlystage detection, high accuracy of prediction and diagnosis is required at appropriate time. This paper aims to analyze the Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) techniques to diagnose the breast cancer subjects. The QML is an emerging field which transforms the input data onto the qubits and processing is performed using the quantum gates and operators. Quantum computing technology enhances the security of data transmission, hence has great application in communication and health care data processing. In this work, Logistic Regression (LR) and SVM (Linear) achieved accuracy of $\mathbf{9 7 . 9 \%}$, CNN $\mathbf{9 8 . 6 \%}$ and QSVC $\mathbf{9 3 \%}$ to classify 569 samples of normal and cancerous binary classes. Less accuracy shows noise in the quantum computing, which can be improved by optimization of rotation of specific gates.
Yearly the number of breast cancer subjects are rising exponentially. In fact, breast cancer is very deadly, and all over the world the losses are increasing. It is very important to have an improved system to predict and diagnose the cancer effectively, which helps the subjects to have a better quality of life. In fact, it is crucial to have an accurate prediction system to improve the treatment and chances of survival. Moreover, earlystage detection, high accuracy of prediction and diagnosis is required at appropriate time. This paper aims to analyze the Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) techniques to diagnose the breast cancer subjects. The QML is an emerging field which transforms the input data onto the qubits and processing is performed using the quantum gates and operators. Quantum computing technology enhances the security of data transmission, hence has great application in communication and health care data processing. In this work, Logistic Regression (LR) and SVM (Linear) achieved accuracy of 97.9%, CNN 98.6% and QSVC 93% to classify 569 samples of normal and cancerous binary classes. Less accuracy shows noise in the quantum computing, which can be improved by optimization of rotation of specific gates.
Abstract The breast cancer is widely prevalent, with millions of new cases and deaths reported annually. Globally, one in every 70 women is affected with breast cancer. It is apparent from the statistics that the number of breast cancer subjects are exponentially rising day by day. Early detection of the disease plays a crucial role to decrease the mortality rate and increase the survival chance. Quantum machine learning is an upcoming field in the era of big data, which helps to process the complex data more efficiently. This study aims to explore the QML models to accurately predict the breast cancer subjects and diagnose the disease in the early stage. Additionally, QML-based models aid in the classification of breast cancer as either benign or malignant. This study presents the comparative analysis of three QML models, namely QRF, QkNN and QSVM, for breast cancer classification using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset. Each model is evaluated based on key performance metrics and the models achieved the accuracy of 97%, 94% and 90%, respectively. Hence, the results showed that the QRF outperformed QSVM and QkNN in classification accuracy, demonstrating superior ability to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors. This study highlights the potential of QML in medical diagnostics while emphasizing the need for further research in hybrid quantum-classical approaches, improved feature mapping techniques, and optimized quantum circuits.
Breast cancer continues to be among the most common causes of cancer death globally, with early and precise diagnosis playing a pivotal role in enhancing patient survival. Traditional machine learning (ML) techniques have shown great promise in the field of medical imaging and diagnosis; however, the emergence of quantum machine learning (QML) offers new avenues for the improvement of pattern discovery and diagnostic accuracy in high-dimensional medical data. This work describes a thorough benchmark comparison of quantum and classical machine learning methods for breast cancer diagnosis over the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer data and mammographic image data. We compare variational quantum classifiers (VQC), quantum kernel methods (QKM), quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs), and hybrid quantum-classical neural structures with traditional classical baselines like support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). QKM techniques perform better in high-dimensional feature spaces and better generalize on external validation sets. This implementation framework describes in depth how to develop, train, and deploy QML models in the clinical workflow, including optimization approaches, code structures, and deployment issues. The work demonstrates that it is possible to streamline breast cancer screening and diagnosis using QML with more accurate and more efficient solutions, which would lead to a huge impact on patient outcomes.
Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer plays a critical role in improving patient survival rates and reducing treatment costs. Classical machine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machines (SVM) have demonstrated strong performance in medical diagnosis tasks; however, their scalability and representational limits motivate the exploration of emerging paradigms. Quantum Machine Learning (QML), particularly Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC), has recently gained attention due to its potential to model complex decision boundaries using quantum circuits. This paper presents a comparative analysis between a Variational Quantum Classifier and classical machine learning models for binary breast cancer classification. The study employs dimensionality-reduced clinical data and evaluates model performance using accuracy, confusion matrices, decision boundary visualization, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Experimental results indicate that the VQC achieves competitive performance with classical approaches, demonstrating its feasibility for small-scale medical datasets and highlighting the promise of quantum-enhanced learning in healthcare applications.
Breast cancer continues to pose a formidable global health challenge, claiming countless lives each year and highlighting the urgent need for early and precise detection. Timely diagnosis is critical for improving treatment outcomes and survival rates, yet conventional screening and diagnostic methods often fall short in handling complex medical data efficiently. Over the past two decades, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have revolutionized breast cancer detection by analyzing medical imaging, histopathology, and genomic profiles. Despite their success, these classical approaches are constrained by high computational costs, reliance on large annotated datasets, and reduced generalization when data is limited or heterogeneous. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has emerged as a transformative paradigm, integrating quantum computing principles—such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism—with classical learning frameworks to overcome these limitations. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of QML applications in breast cancer detection by reviewing key methodologies and advancements. It begins with a discussion of the clinical profile, treatment approaches, and recent epidemiological trends of breast cancer. Subsequently, it examines traditional AI and ML techniques used in diagnostic modeling, followed by emerging QML frameworks that leverage quantum principles for enhanced learning and efficiency. The paper concludes by outlining current challenges in QML research, including hardware constraints, noise sensitivity, and the lack of standardized evaluation benchmarks.
Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasms among women around the world, and early diagnosis significantly improves survival rates. Conventional techniques in the field of machine learning have shown great promise in the prediction of cancer, considering the fact that there is always an opportunity for advancement in terms of computing speed and scalability, especially when working with huge, high-dimensional data sets. In recent years, quantum computing (QC) has seemed to be becoming more prevalent as a powerful alternative. This study investigates the efficiency of traditional and quantum machine learning models in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast cancer tumors. The quantum model has achieved better balance in terms of precision and recall, especially in the case of malignant instance detection. These results demonstrate how QC can be used to supplement conventional machine learning techniques for improved predictive performance in breast cancer diagnosis, marking a significant step toward utilizing the technology’s potential in medicinal applications.
Cancer is the leading cause of premature mortality. Globally, the prevalence of cancer is on the rise, and early-stage diagnosis is crucial for cancer recovery and survival. However, the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and heterogeneity within the tumor makes it hard to track how cancer changes over time and how resistance to treatment develops. Unfortunately, the cancer diagnosis precision remains inadequate, endangering precious human lives and necessitating costly procedures for accurate treatment. Machine learning (ML) has proven capable of discovering meaningful information and making predictions, particularly with large datasets. Moreover, quantum computers (QCs) inherently possess superposition and parallel computation, features not found in classical computing. Researchers have demonstrated that quantum neural networks (QNNs) achieve a significantly better effective dimension than classical NNs. In this context, this study investigates the application of classical and quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms to classify breast cancer images. Region-based segmentation is used to identify regions of interest and image processing algorithms are performed on segmented breast cancer images to extract meaningful features (e.g., perimeter, area, compactness). An user interface (UI) based software is created to swiftly distinguish benign and malignant instances during image analysis. Although QNNs perform poorly than the classical NNs, there is still a long way to go in developing feature maps and techniques for better performance. In contrast, the classical NNs have gone a long way with well-established algorithms and packages available to us. This research shows that with further development, QML has the potential to enhance cancer diagnosis accuracy and speed, ultimately improving early detection and treatment outcomes.