Abstract The breast cancer is widely prevalent, with millions of new cases and deaths reported annually. Globally, one in every 70 women is affected with breast cancer. It is apparent from the statistics that the number of breast cancer subjects are exponentially rising day by day. Early detection of the disease plays a crucial role to decrease the mortality rate and increase the survival chance. Quantum machine learning is an upcoming field in the era of big data, which helps to process the complex data more efficiently. This study aims to explore the QML models to accurately predict the breast cancer subjects and diagnose the disease in the early stage. Additionally, QML-based models aid in the classification of breast cancer as either benign or malignant. This study presents the comparative analysis of three QML models, namely QRF, QkNN and QSVM, for breast cancer classification using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset. Each model is evaluated based on key performance metrics and the models achieved the accuracy of 97%, 94% and 90%, respectively. Hence, the results showed that the QRF outperformed QSVM and QkNN in classification accuracy, demonstrating superior ability to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors. This study highlights the potential of QML in medical diagnostics while emphasizing the need for further research in hybrid quantum-classical approaches, improved feature mapping techniques, and optimized quantum circuits.
Abstract The breast cancer is widely prevalent, with millions of new cases and deaths reported annually. Globally, one in every 70 women is affected with breast cancer. It is apparent from the statistics that the number of breast cancer subjects are exponentially rising day by day. Early detection of the disease plays a crucial role to decrease the mortality rate and increase the survival chance. Quantum machine learning is an upcoming field in the era of big data, which helps to process the complex data more efficiently. This study aims to explore the QML models to accurately predict the breast cancer subjects and diagnose the disease in the early stage. Additionally, QML-based models aid in the classification of breast cancer as either benign or malignant. This study presents the comparative analysis of three QML models, namely QRF, QkNN and QSVM, for breast cancer classification using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset. Each model is evaluated based on key performance metrics and the models achieved the accuracy of 97%, 94% and 90%, respectively. Hence, the results showed that the QRF outperformed QSVM and QkNN in classification accuracy, demonstrating superior ability to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors. This study highlights the potential of QML in medical diagnostics while emphasizing the need for further research in hybrid quantum-classical approaches, improved feature mapping techniques, and optimized quantum circuits.
Cancer is the leading cause of premature mortality. Globally, the prevalence of cancer is on the rise, and early-stage diagnosis is crucial for cancer recovery and survival. However, the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and heterogeneity within the tumor makes it hard to track how cancer changes over time and how resistance to treatment develops. Unfortunately, the cancer diagnosis precision remains inadequate, endangering precious human lives and necessitating costly procedures for accurate treatment. Machine learning (ML) has proven capable of discovering meaningful information and making predictions, particularly with large datasets. Moreover, quantum computers (QCs) inherently possess superposition and parallel computation, features not found in classical computing. Researchers have demonstrated that quantum neural networks (QNNs) achieve a significantly better effective dimension than classical NNs. In this context, this study investigates the application of classical and quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms to classify breast cancer images. Region-based segmentation is used to identify regions of interest and image processing algorithms are performed on segmented breast cancer images to extract meaningful features (e.g., perimeter, area, compactness). An user interface (UI) based software is created to swiftly distinguish benign and malignant instances during image analysis. Although QNNs perform poorly than the classical NNs, there is still a long way to go in developing feature maps and techniques for better performance. In contrast, the classical NNs have gone a long way with well-established algorithms and packages available to us. This research shows that with further development, QML has the potential to enhance cancer diagnosis accuracy and speed, ultimately improving early detection and treatment outcomes.
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening diseases affecting women worldwide, and early detection plays a crucial role in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes.Conventional diagnostic methods such as mammography, ultrasound imaging, and histopathological analysis rely heavily on expert interpretation and classical machine learning techniques.Although classical deep learning models, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have demonstrated impressive performance in medical image analysis, they face inherent limitations related to computational complexity, scalability, and the curse of dimensionality when handling large, high-resolution datasets.With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has emerged as a promising paradigm capable of addressing these challenges by leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement.This research explores the application of Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (Quantum CNNs or QCNNs) for breast cancer detection, aiming to enhance classification accuracy while reducing computational overhead.The proposed approach integrates quantum circuits with classical preprocessing techniques to extract discriminative features from breast cancer datasets, such as mammographic or histopathological images.By encoding image features into quantum states and performing convolution operations through parameterized quantum circuits, the Quantum CNN model is designed to learn complex patterns more efficiently than classical counterparts.The study evaluates the effectiveness of Quantum CNNs in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast tumors and compares its performance with traditional CNN models.The findings highlight the potential of Quantum CNNs to revolutionize medical image analysis by offering faster convergence, improved generalization, and robustness against noise.This research contributes to the growing field of quantumassisted healthcare systems and demonstrates how quantum computing can be harnessed to address critical challenges in breast cancer diagnosis.
Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasms among women around the world, and early diagnosis significantly improves survival rates. Conventional techniques in the field of machine learning have shown great promise in the prediction of cancer, considering the fact that there is always an opportunity for advancement in terms of computing speed and scalability, especially when working with huge, high-dimensional data sets. In recent years, quantum computing (QC) has seemed to be becoming more prevalent as a powerful alternative. This study investigates the efficiency of traditional and quantum machine learning models in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast cancer tumors. The quantum model has achieved better balance in terms of precision and recall, especially in the case of malignant instance detection. These results demonstrate how QC can be used to supplement conventional machine learning techniques for improved predictive performance in breast cancer diagnosis, marking a significant step toward utilizing the technology’s potential in medicinal applications.
Yearly the number of breast cancer subjects are rising exponentially. In fact, breast cancer is very deadly, and all over the world the losses are increasing. It is very important to have an improved system to predict and diagnose the cancer effectively, which helps the subjects to have a better quality of life. In fact, it is crucial to have an accurate prediction system to improve the treatment and chances of survival. Moreover, earlystage detection, high accuracy of prediction and diagnosis is required at appropriate time. This paper aims to analyze the Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) techniques to diagnose the breast cancer subjects. The QML is an emerging field which transforms the input data onto the qubits and processing is performed using the quantum gates and operators. Quantum computing technology enhances the security of data transmission, hence has great application in communication and health care data processing. In this work, Logistic Regression (LR) and SVM (Linear) achieved accuracy of 97.9%, CNN 98.6% and QSVC 93% to classify 569 samples of normal and cancerous binary classes. Less accuracy shows noise in the quantum computing, which can be improved by optimization of rotation of specific gates.
Breast cancer is a major health concern, and early detection can make a great difference in treatment and survival rates for breast cancer patients. Machine learning methods have noticeably improved prediction accuracy on high-dimensional medical datasets and have become widely used tools in medical diagnostics. The transition to a quantum computational framework has opened new directions in machine learning research. By using qubits instead of classical bits, quantum models may provide new ways to represent and process complex medical data. In medical diagnostics, this has led to a growing interest in whether quantum approaches can improve classification performance more effectively than classical methods. The purpose of this paper is to compare classical and quantum machine learning models on the task of breast cancer classification and to determine whether quantum models can achieve higher accuracy and faster prediction on a selected dataset. Alongside the main simulator-based experiment, a smaller experiment was performed on a real IBM quantum computer to demonstrate the practical execution of the same task under current hardware constraints. In the practical part of the study, the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset was used. This dataset consists of 569 samples with 30 numerical features extracted from digitized fine needle aspirate images and provides a reliable basis for evaluating model performance. A comparative analysis was conducted between classical and quantum machine learning models, including a support vector machine (SVM), an artificial neural network (ANN), a quantum support vector machine (QSVM), and a hybrid quantum-classical neural network (QNN). In the simulator-based experiment, both SVM and ANN achieved an accuracy of 0.956 with an F1-score of 0.965 on the test set, while QSVM reached an accuracy of 0.807 with an F1-score of 0.866 and the Hybrid QNN achieved 0.623 accuracy with an F1-score of 0.677. These quantum and hybrid models also required substantially longer training times than the classical baselines. A small hardware experiment on an IBM quantum device further illustrates both the practical feasibility and the current limitations of executing this classification task on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware.
It is estimated that millions of people from different parts of the world are suffering from breast cancer. As of 2022, it has one of the highest mortality rates. It symptomatized by the abnormal growth of breast tissue cells aggregating into malignant tumors. Because of this, the current study investigates quantum-enhanced machine learning models in hope of curing the disease in its earlier stages. In this case, breast cancer tumors are deemed benign or malignant using three different datasets—Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC), Mammographic Mass (MM) and Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Original), all of which are publicly accessible on the UCI Machine Learning Repository. These datasets differ greatly in terms of size and the number of features that make it suitable for performance analysis of breast cancer classification. On the Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Original) and WDBC datasets, Quantum Random Forest (QRF) has gained the maximum accuracy of 97% and 96%, respectively, suggesting superiority in high-dimensional feature sets. Moreover, Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) showed promising results with 81% accuracy on the MM dataset. The latter result was achieved with the use of Explainable AI (XAI) approach with Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), which ensured interpretability and transparency of the quantum machine learning models. For each explanation LIME provided, there were important decision-altering features, like tumor size, lymph node involvement, degeneracy of malignancy and irradiation status, which were the primary determinants of the model’s choice. Such interpretability enhances trust in AI systems for medical diagnostics, as well as validating the outputs. Integrating quantum machine learning models with XAI techniques offers robust and interpretable frameworks for breast cancer classification, resulting in improved accuracy.