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Laser & Optoelectronics Progress

自发辐射放大的量子随机数快速后处理方法

童启夏 Tong Qixia, 胡莹莹 Hu Yingying, 何德勇 He Deyong, 韩正甫 Han Zhengfu

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

在实用化的高速量子随机数产生器的应用中，使用Toeplitz矩阵作为后处理方法提取量子随机数随机性已成为一种主要的技术路线。然而，Toeplitz矩阵更适合于硬件计算而不适合软件运算，通常需要搭建专门的现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）电路才能进行快速运算。基于自发辐射放大（ASE）的量子随机产生器，提出一种基于简单哈希函数的快速后处理方式。这种方式的时间复杂度仅为O（N），小于Toeplitz矩阵的O（NlogN），并且相对另一种常用的后处理方法，最低有效位（LSBs）后处理，具有更高的随机数提取效率。实验中由所提后处理方法计算得到的随机数已通过美国国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）随机性检测。

DOI
10.3788/lop230839

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By measuring the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of the superluminescent light emitting diodes, we propose and realize a quantum random number generator (QRNG) featured with practicability. In the QRNG, after the detection and amplification of the ASE noise, the data acquisition and randomness extraction which is integrated in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) are both implemented in real-time, and the final random bit sequences are delivered to a host computer with a real-time generation rate of 1.2 Gbps. Further, to achieve compactness, all the components of the QRNG are integrated on three independent printed circuit boards with a compact design, and the QRNG is packed in a small enclosure sized 140 mm × 120 mm × 25 mm. The final random bit sequences can pass all the NIST-STS and DIEHARD tests.
在以偏振编码为基础的量子保密通信中，由于外界温度、应力以及光纤的本身缺陷等因素，使得偏振态无法保持长期稳定，增加系统的误码率，因此需进行偏振控制以维持通信系统正常运行。诱骗态已经成为现阶段量子通信网络的常规操作，利用诱骗光子作为偏振参考，有望实现系统偏振态长时间、不间断地锁定控制，提高通信效率。提出了利用现场可编程逻辑门阵列进行偏振态制备以及强光、单光子偏振控制于一体的系统偏振解决方案，将偏振态制备、强光偏振控制、单光子偏振控制单元集成在一个系统中，提高了系统的集成化，增加了系统管理的便捷性，实验测试偏振态制备单元可以根据需要产生不同的偏振态，经过强光偏振控制后，保真度可达99.11%±0.44%，经单光子偏振控制后保真度可达97.93%±0.96%，演示证明了方案的有效性和稳定性。
转换效率是周期性极化铌酸锂（PPLN）波导的主要性能指标，其与温度具有很强的关联性。受限于工艺问题，波导各个通道之间的一致性很难保证。提出一种多通道波导的温度自动控制方法，该方法通过FPGA芯片获取与多通道波导对应的多个单光子探测器探测到的光子数，并通过相应均衡算法来处理各个通道的光子数，从而确定多通道波导的最佳温度工作点，达到自动调节波导温度的目的。通过FPGA实现半导体制冷片（TEC）驱动控制、具有主动淬灭和快速恢复功能的单光子探测器，并通过均衡算法实现多通道波导温度的自动控制，实现探测效率更均匀的多通道上转换单光子阵列探测器，极大地减少前期人力投入，避免人为因素导致的误差。
We present a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) implemented on a 16 nm Xilinx UltraScale Plus FPGA that achieves a resolution of 1.15 ps, RMS precision of 3.38 ps, a differential nonlinearity (DNL) of [-0.43, 0.24] LSB, and an integral nonlinearity (INL) of [-2.67, 0.15] LSB. This work introduces two novel hardware-independent post-processing techniques - Partial Order Reconstruction (POR) and Iterative Time-bin Interleaving (ITI) - that significantly enhance the performance of FPGA-based TDCs. POR addresses the missing code problem by inferring the partial order of each time bin through code density test data and directed acyclic graph (DAG) analysis, enabling near-complete recovery of usable bins. ITI further improves fine time resolution by merging multiple calibrated tapped delay lines (TDLs) into a single unified delay chain, achieving scalable resolution without resorting to averaging. Compared to state-of-the-art FPGA-based TDC architectures, the proposed methods deliver competitive or superior performance with reduced hardware overhead. These techniques are broadly applicable to high-resolution time measurement and precise delay calibration in programmable logic platforms.
In recent times, secure data transmission become crucial requirement because of increasing growth of threats and emergence of quantum computing technologies. However, existing Quantum Key Distribution-Advanced Encryption Standard-Least Significant Bit (QKD-AES-LSB) struggled with two main limitations such as restricted resistance to future quantum attacks because of dependence on classical encryption and vulnerability of static LSB steganography for improved Machine Learning (ML) approaches. To address these challenges, Quantum Key Distribution-Post-Quantum Cryptography-Adaptive Steganographic Encryption framework (QKD-PQC-ASE) is proposed. Primarily, secret data and cover images are gathered then quantum key is generated using E91 protocol. Next, post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation is applied to strengthened the generated kay and ensure long-term quantum resistance. Further, secret data is encrypted employing quantum-resilient encryption mechanism and combined using cryptographic hashing. Furthermore, encrypted data is embedded in to cover image through quantum-randomness-guided adaptive steganography for resisting improved steganalysis attacks. Finally, proposed QKD-PQC-ASE framework obtains improved resistance against future quantum attacks and enhanced steganalysis by maintaining low computational overhead. Therefore, proposed QKD-PQC-ASE framework achieved greater results in terms of NPCR of 99.84 % and a UACI of57.92%\mathbf{5 7. 9 2 \%}57.92%which demonstrates efficiency of framework for secure and future-ready data encryption in quantum-aware communication environments.
拓扑信息论是一种强大的数学工具,为描述和分析拓扑结构提供了框架。该理论在量子计算领域具有潜在的应用,尤其是在量子纠错方面。本研究旨在探索利用拓扑信息论构建量子纠错机制,旨在提高纠错效率并降低纠错的复杂度。本文将阐述核心概念,提出一个基于拓扑结构的自适应纠错算法,并对该算法的潜在优势进行分析。 我们的研究重点在于将拓扑结构作为纠错的依据,从而实现更高效的量子纠错,并有望解决量子计算中常见的纠错难题。