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Quantum Information Processing

New concepts and construction of quantum random number generators

Piotr Paweł Jóźwiak, Janusz Edward Jacak, Witold Aleksander Jacak

Published Mar 28, 2024• 9 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11128-024-04335-8

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This article presents the concept of the encryption key generator on the basis of passive fiber optic components. Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are used to obtain the random number sequences used to securely encode information transmitted in the fiber track. The authors propose a different approach than the currently used random number generators based on beam splitting element, namely the construction of this type of system based on passive fiber optic components with the use of single-photon generation. The article presents the analysis of the generation of random number sequences as well as independently developed simulator generation of random sequences. It also contains a description of selected items and the reasons for selection as well as patterns of accomplished setup made in the Security Systems Group in Institute of Optoelectronics. The methodology of measuring generation randomness of quantum random number generator is described here, also certified system made by ID Quantique and propretiary solution is compared and results of measurements of this comparison are presented. The work also includes tests of the certified system Quantis by IDQ company and the system made by a team in terms of randomness generated within. These tests are important from the point of view of the certification of a generator system and assign it to the appropriate safety class. The measurement results are contained in the article.
Generation of random numbers is a central problem for many applications in the field of information processing, including, e.g., cryptography, in classical and quantum regime, but also mathematical modeling, Monte Carlo methods, gambling and many others. Both, the quality of the randomness and efficiency of the random numbers generation process are crucial for the most of these applications. Software produced pseudorandom bit sequences, though sufficiently quick, do not fulfill required randomness quality demands. Hence, the physical hardware methods are intensively developed to generate truly random number sequences for information processing and electronic security application. In the present paper we discuss the idea of the quantum random number generators. We also present a variety of tests utilized to assess the quality of randomness of generated bit sequences. In the experimental part we apply such tests to assess and compare two quantum random number generators, PQ4000KSI (of company ComScire US) and JUR01 (constructed in Wroclaw University of Science and Technology upon the project of The National Center for Research and Development) as well as a pseudorandom generator from the Mathematica Wolfram package. Finally, we present our new prototype of fully operative miniaturized quantum random generator JUR02 producing a random bit sequence with velocity of 1 Mb/s, which successfully passed standard tests of randomness quality (like NIST and Dieharder tests). We also shortly discuss our former concept of an entanglement-based quantum random number generator protocol with unconditionally secure public randomness verification.
Random numbers play a central role in cryptography, cyber security, and gaming applications. Extracting bits from some random natural activity is one of the primitive ways to generate random numbers. True random number generator(TRNG) and quantum random number generator(QRNG) are examples of this random number sequence. The development of quantum technology made it possible to extract random sequences from quantum entropy sources. This sequence is called quantum random numbers and the whole setup is named a quantum random number generator. A suitable sampling and a physical device for the entropy source are the building blocks for a TRNG. Here we present a comparative analysis of two random number generators. Apart from the conventional statistical test for randomness, here we introduce a straightforward coefficient based on the concept of non-linearity of the Boolean function to determine the availability of any linearity in a chosen random binary sequence. It reveals the cryptographic suitability of the generated sequence w.r.t any correlation attack. A comparison of the nonlinearity of two Boolean sequences generated from two different random sources is presented.