This article presents the concept of the encryption key generator on the basis of passive fiber optic components. Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are used to obtain the random number sequences used to securely encode information transmitted in the fiber track. The authors propose a different approach than the currently used random number generators based on beam splitting element, namely the construction of this type of system based on passive fiber optic components with the use of single-photon generation. The article presents the analysis of the generation of random number sequences as well as independently developed simulator generation of random sequences. It also contains a description of selected items and the reasons for selection as well as patterns of accomplished setup made in the Security Systems Group in Institute of Optoelectronics. The methodology of measuring generation randomness of quantum random number generator is described here, also certified system made by ID Quantique and propretiary solution is compared and results of measurements of this comparison are presented. The work also includes tests of the certified system Quantis by IDQ company and the system made by a team in terms of randomness generated within. These tests are important from the point of view of the certification of a generator system and assign it to the appropriate safety class. The measurement results are contained in the article.
This article presents the concept of the encryption key generator on the basis of passive fiber optic components. Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are used to obtain the random number sequences used to securely encode information transmitted in the fiber track. The authors propose a different approach than the currently used random number generators based on beam splitting element, namely the construction of this type of system based on passive fiber optic components with the use of single-photon generation. The article presents the analysis of the generation of random number sequences as well as independently developed simulator generation of random sequences. It also contains a description of selected items and the reasons for selection as well as patterns of accomplished setup made in the Security Systems Group in Institute of Optoelectronics. The methodology of measuring generation randomness of quantum random number generator is described here, also certified system made by ID Quantique and propretiary solution is compared and results of measurements of this comparison are presented. The work also includes tests of the certified system Quantis by IDQ company and the system made by a team in terms of randomness generated within. These tests are important from the point of view of the certification of a generator system and assign it to the appropriate safety class. The measurement results are contained in the article.
Abstract Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are based on naturally random measurement results performed on individual quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate a branching-path photonic QRNG implemented using a Sagnac interferometer with a tunable splitting ratio. The fine-tuning of the splitting ratio allows us to maximize the entropy of the generated sequence of random numbers and effectively compensate for tolerances in the components. By producing single-photons from attenuated telecom laser pulses, and employing commercially-available components we are able to generate a sequence of more than 2 gigabytes of random numbers with an average entropy of 7.99 bits/byte directly from the raw measured data. Furthermore, our sequence passes randomness tests from both the NIST and Dieharder statistical test suites, thus certifying its randomness. Our scheme shows an alternative design of QRNGs based on the dynamic adjustment of the uniformity of the produced random sequence, which is relevant for the construction of modern generators that rely on independent real-time testing of its performance.
The subject matter of the article is pseudo-random number generators. Random numbers play the important role in cryptography. Using not secure pseudo-random number generators is a very common weakness. It is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering. There are algorithmically generated numbers that are similar to random distributions but are not random, called pseudo-random number generators. In many cases the tasks to be solved are based on the unpredictability of random numbers, which cannot be guaranteed in the case of pseudo-random number generators, true randomness is required. In such situations, we use real random number generators whose source of randomness is unpredictable random events. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) generate real random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum measurements. The goal is to develop a mathematical model of the generator, which generates fast random numbers at a lower cost. At the same time, a high level of randomness is essential. Through quantum mechanics, we can obtain true numbers using the unpredictable behavior of a photon, which is the basis of many modern cryptographic protocols. It is essential to trust cryptographic random number generators to generate only true random numbers. This is why certification methods are needed which will check both the operation of the device and the quality of the random bits generated. The goal of the research is also to develop the model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG). The tasks to be solved are to create the mathematical model of a random number generator, which generates the fast random numbers at a lower cost. To create the mathematical model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators. To integrate a hybrid semi self-testing certification method to the hybrid random number generator. the methods used are mathematical optimization and simulation. The following results were obtained: we present the improved hybrid quantum random number generator, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of arrival of photons. The model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered in the paper. This method combines different types of certification approaches and is rather secure and efficient. Finally, the hybrid certification method is integrated into the model of the new quantum random number generator. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1. The hybrid quantum random number generator is offered, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of the arrival of photons. It uses the simple version of the detectors with few requirements. The hybrid QRNG produces more than one random bit per the detection of each photon. It is rather efficient and has a high level of randomness. 2. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered. The Self-testing, as well as device-independent quantum random number generation methods, are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are identified. Based on the result the hybrid method is offered. 3. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators is integrated into the offered model of the quantum random number generator. The paper analyzes its security and efficiency. The paper offers to use the new random number generator in the crypto-schemes.
Random Number Generators (QRNGs) represent a promising alternative to classical pseudorandom methods, providing a genuine source of randomness based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.This article investigates a particular class of QRNGs -Optical Quantum Random Number Generators (OQRNGs) -which rely on phenomena such as quantum state superposition, wavefunction collapse, vacuum fluctuations, and Raman scattering to generate random bits.The architecture of these systems is analyzed in detail, along with the types of photon sources and detectors employed, as well as the entropy extraction mechanisms.Through a comparative approach, the advantages and limitations of each technology are highlighted: from the simplicity of implementation in beam-splitter-based generators to the high bit rates and scalability offered by systems using homodyne detection or Raman-based schemes.The study results indicate that OQRNGs can be successfully integrated into critical post-quantum security infrastructures, providing verifiable randomness that is fundamentally irreproducible by algorithmic means.In conclusion, optical quantum random number generators constitute a key step toward enhancing digital security by directly harnessing the fundamental uncertainty inherent in the physical nature of light.
A quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the quantum nature of vacuum fluctuations allows one to obtain random bit sequences that can be used in applications that require a high degree of randomness.In that type of quantum random generation system, optical beam splitters with two inputs and two outputs are normally used.A comparison of Y-splitter and spatial beam splitters shows that for two types of optical splitters, the quantum mathematical description of output signals is identical.This allows the use of fiber Y-splitters in practical QRNG schemes.The possibility of generating true random bits was demonstrated experimentally by using quantum random number generator based on homodyne detection.
Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are the prime source of randomness, by exploiting the unpredictable nature of Quantum mechanics QRNG aims to provide a string of completely random utterly unpredictable numbers. QRNGs are crucial for cryptography, scientific calculation, simulation, and many more real-world applications. Our Optical Quantum Random Number Generator (OQRNG) utilizes a high-speed pulsating laser, a Polarizing beam splitter (PBS), photodetectors, and advanced signal processing units that capture and digitize random photon intensity forming the raw random bit stream. This technique is famously known as Branching Path Technique. After that, we implement rigorous testing that encompasses the statistical randomness tests developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure the guaranteed ran-domness meets security standards. A user-friendly Graphic user interface (GUI) simplifies interaction with the QRNG allowing the user to configure device settings, monitor system performance, and securely extract random numbers. Our findings help us demonstrate the superiority of QRNGs over classical random number generators, and highlight the potential of photon-based QRNGs and their environmentally friendly and efficient random number generation.
Quantum random number generator (QRNG) allows obtaining true random bit sequences. In QRNG based on quantum nature of vacuum, optical beam splitter with two inputs and two outputs is normally used. We compare mathematical descriptions of spatial beam splitter and fiber Y-splitter in the quantum model for QRNG, based on homodyne detection. These descriptions were identical, that allows to use fiber Y-splitters in practical QRNG schemes, simplifying the setup. Also we receive relations between the input radiation and the resulting differential current in homodyne detector. We experimentally demonstrate possibility of true random bits generation by using QRNG based on homodyne detection with Y-splitter.