Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2203.00261 · Quantum Information Processing

A comprehensive review of quantum random number generators: concepts, classification and the origin of randomness

Vaisakh Mannalath, Sandeep Mishra, Anirban Pathak

Published Dec 13, 2023• 110 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s11128-023-04175-y

Related papers

Verifying the Reliability of Quantum Random Number Generator: A Comprehensive Testing Approach

Rounak Biswas, Dhruv Roy Talukdar, Utpal Roy

SN Computer Science•Jan 3, 2024•3 citations

New concepts and construction of quantum random number generators

Piotr Paweł Jóźwiak, Janusz Edward Jacak, Witold Aleksander Jacak

Quantum Information Processing•Mar 28, 2024•9 citations

Communications network security using quantum physics

A. S. Atilla Hasekioglu, Orkun Hasekioğlu

Applications of quantum technologies are rapidly progressing in communications systems implementations. In particular, quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum random number generation have become key applications for cryptography and physical layer security. Unlike classical cryptography and network security, in QKD, security is ensured by the laws of physics and is, in principle, unbreachable by an interceptor. In particular, peculiar properties and postulates of quantum physics, such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum measurement uncertainty, are exploited to achieve system security. Quantum random number generator (QRNG) is also an important component in the implementation of QKD protocols. Likewise, in QRNG, true randomness (unpredictability using past data and uniformity of statistical distribution) is guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics. In this study, we review prominent aspects of QKD and QRNG, related standards, protocols, and hardware components. Moreover, a comprehensive review of the current QKD protocols and quantum random number generation methods is also presented.

•Dec 31, 2022•0 citations

A Critical Enquiry into Alleged Hidden Mathematical Structure in Quantum Random Number Generator Outputs: Absence of Substantiated 2024 Claims and the State of Quantum Randomness Research (2024–2026)

Syed Muntasir Mamun

In late April 2026, a viral claim circulated on professional social media platforms asserting that researchers at the National University of Singapore's Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) had published a Physical Review X article demonstrating that outputs from superconducting-qubit-based quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exhibit Kolmogorov complexity approximately 7.3% below the theoretical maximum for truly random sequences. The reported analysis, purportedly performed on 10 billion bits and achieving 6.8σ statistical significance, was interpreted as evidence of "hidden mathematical structure" invisible to conventional statistical randomness tests, potentially supporting interpretations of quantum measurement such as pilot-wave theories or superdeterminism. A comprehensive search across peer-reviewed databases, arXiv, journal archives, and institutional repositories yields no trace of this paper, authors, DOI, or supporting data. This note presents the results of that enquiry, contextualises the claim within the broader literature on algorithmic versus statistical randomness, reviews genuine post-2024 advancements in QRNG technology and foundational studies of quantum randomness, and discusses epistemological, cryptographic, and philosophical implications. Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/132650936/download_file?s=portfolio

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations

Study of quantum random number generators

Patrik Mäki

•May 15, 2021•0 citations

Classification of attacks and cyber security requirements for the QRNG web resource

D.M. Morhul, Олексій Нарєжній, T.O. Hrinenko

Web services of quantum random number generators (QRNG) open new opportunities for enhancing the resilience of cryptographic systems due to their ability to generate true random numbers based on quantum effects. Unlike pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), the QRNG ensures a high level of unpredictability in output data, making them critical components in modern security systems. However, their implementation is accompanied by significant challenges, particularly due to potential attacks at the software level and during integration with hardware infrastructure. At the software level, major threats include attacks on cryptographic libraries, substitution or manipulation of runtime output data, and side-channel attacks exploiting information leaks from physical number generation processes. At the hardware level, risks arise from equipment defects, failures in integration processes, or improper operation of the QRNG in combination with other systems. This study provides a classification of the main types of attacks on QRNG web services, presents an analysis of existing attacks, and introduces modern approaches to their prevention. Among the key solutions are the certification of the QRNG during development and deployment, multi-factor verification of output data to ensure unpredictability, and the use of monitoring systems with artificial intelligence algorithms for anomaly detection. Special attention is given to hybrid protection methods that combine the QRNG with quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, allowing for the mitigation of risks from both classical and quantum attacks. Thus, a comprehensive combination of software and hardware security methods will enhance the reliability of QRNG and their resilience to modern threats. Further research should focus on the implementation of unified standards for QRNG and the optimization of their integration into existing cryptographic systems.

Radiotekhnika•Apr 10, 2025•0 citations
Applications of quantum technologies are rapidly progressing in communications systems implementations. In particular, quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum random number generation have become key applications for cryptography and physical layer security. Unlike classical cryptography and network security, in QKD, security is ensured by the laws of physics and is, in principle, unbreachable by an interceptor. In particular, peculiar properties and postulates of quantum physics, such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum measurement uncertainty, are exploited to achieve system security. Quantum random number generator (QRNG) is also an important component in the implementation of QKD protocols. Likewise, in QRNG, true randomness (unpredictability using past data and uniformity of statistical distribution) is guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics. In this study, we review prominent aspects of QKD and QRNG, related standards, protocols, and hardware components. Moreover, a comprehensive review of the current QKD protocols and quantum random number generation methods is also presented.
In late April 2026, a viral claim circulated on professional social media platforms asserting that researchers at the National University of Singapore's Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) had published a Physical Review X article demonstrating that outputs from superconducting-qubit-based quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exhibit Kolmogorov complexity approximately 7.3% below the theoretical maximum for truly random sequences. The reported analysis, purportedly performed on 10 billion bits and achieving 6.8σ statistical significance, was interpreted as evidence of "hidden mathematical structure" invisible to conventional statistical randomness tests, potentially supporting interpretations of quantum measurement such as pilot-wave theories or superdeterminism. A comprehensive search across peer-reviewed databases, arXiv, journal archives, and institutional repositories yields no trace of this paper, authors, DOI, or supporting data. This note presents the results of that enquiry, contextualises the claim within the broader literature on algorithmic versus statistical randomness, reviews genuine post-2024 advancements in QRNG technology and foundational studies of quantum randomness, and discusses epistemological, cryptographic, and philosophical implications. Also available on Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/attachments/132650936/download_file?s=portfolio
Web services of quantum random number generators (QRNG) open new opportunities for enhancing the resilience of cryptographic systems due to their ability to generate true random numbers based on quantum effects. Unlike pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), the QRNG ensures a high level of unpredictability in output data, making them critical components in modern security systems. However, their implementation is accompanied by significant challenges, particularly due to potential attacks at the software level and during integration with hardware infrastructure. At the software level, major threats include attacks on cryptographic libraries, substitution or manipulation of runtime output data, and side-channel attacks exploiting information leaks from physical number generation processes. At the hardware level, risks arise from equipment defects, failures in integration processes, or improper operation of the QRNG in combination with other systems. This study provides a classification of the main types of attacks on QRNG web services, presents an analysis of existing attacks, and introduces modern approaches to their prevention. Among the key solutions are the certification of the QRNG during development and deployment, multi-factor verification of output data to ensure unpredictability, and the use of monitoring systems with artificial intelligence algorithms for anomaly detection. Special attention is given to hybrid protection methods that combine the QRNG with quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, allowing for the mitigation of risks from both classical and quantum attacks. Thus, a comprehensive combination of software and hardware security methods will enhance the reliability of QRNG and their resilience to modern threats. Further research should focus on the implementation of unified standards for QRNG and the optimization of their integration into existing cryptographic systems.