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Han J.F. Geurdes

Published Mar 22, 2024• 1 citation

Abstract

Recently it was demonstrated that the famous experiment of Aspect et al employed a flawed statistical methodology.This result refuted the demonstration of nonlocality as the sole explanation of entanglement.Therefore, there is still room for an Einsteinian local extra parameter explanation of entanglement of photons.In this paper we ask the question what kind of extra local hidden parameter explanation of entanglement would fit Einstein's ideas.We study a primitive clock with 12 o'clock ∝ "spin up" and 6 o'clock ∝ "spin down" as a local extra parameter.The Relativisitc Doppler Effect (RDE) is subsequently supposed to represent the entanglement of two photons "carrying" the clocks.This relativistic representation of entanglement can be applied to the study of quantum key distribution (QKD).When there is no nonlocal connectivity between the measurements at respectively Alice's and at Bob's spin measurement instrument, a desynchronisation of a clock in one arm will not be noted in the other arm of the experiment.

DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/qd3n2

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Recently it was demonstrated that the famous experiment of Aspect et al employed a flawed statistical methodology.This result refuted the demonstration of nonlocality as the sole explanation of entanglement.Therefore, there is still room for an Einsteinian local extra parameter explanation of entanglement of photons.In this paper we ask the question what kind of extra local hidden parameter explanation of entanglement would fit Einstein's ideas.We study a primitive clock with 12 o'clock ∝ "spin up" and 6 o'clock ∝ "spin down" as a local extra parameter.The Relativisitc Doppler Effect (RDE) is subsequently supposed to represent the entanglement of two photons "carrying" the clocks.This relativistic representation of entanglement can be applied to the study of quantum key distribution (QKD).When there is no nonlocal connectivity between the measurements at respectively Alice's and at Bob's spin measurement instrument, a desynchronisation of a clock in one arm will not be noted in the other arm of the experiment.

Quantum nonlocality can be revealed ``via local contextuality'' in qudit-qudit entangled systems with

d>2

, that is, through the violation of inequalities containing Alice-Bob correlations that admit a local description, and Alice-Alice correlations (between the results of sequences of measurements on Alice's subsystem) that admit a local (but contextual) description. A fundamental question to understand the respective roles of entanglement and local contextuality is whether nonlocality via local contextuality exists when the parties have only qubit-qubit entanglement. Here we respond affirmatively to this question. This result further clarifies the connection between contextuality and nonlocality and opens the door for observing nonlocality via local contextuality in actual experiments.

Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment via a Bell state measurement. This applies, for example, to teleportation and entanglement swapping. Although the results are well understood, it is not entirely clear whether they involve nonlocal action or whether they are predetermined. This can best be decided from a model, provided it predicts the key measurement results. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter cannot be applied here. This is because the partner particles of the resulting entangled states after a teleportation or an entanglement swapping never had contact before. The question then is, what connects entangled photons? Therefore, this paper presents a local realistic model that reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with polarization measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. Instead, the coupling of the entangled particles is based on initial conditions and conservation of spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and also explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local way. The manuscript is thus a step forward toward a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.

Abstract Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment by means of a Bell state measurement. This is true for instance for teleportation and entanglement swapping. While the results are well understood it is not quite clear if they involve nonlocal action or if they are determined in advance. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter do not apply here. Therefore, in this work a model is presented which reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with spin measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. The coupling of the entangled particles is instead based on the conservation of the spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local manner as well. Multilevel entanglements can also be explained locally by the model. The manuscript is thus a step forward towards a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen.