Abstract Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment by means of a Bell state measurement. This is true for instance for teleportation and entanglement swapping. While the results are well understood it is not quite clear if they involve nonlocal action or if they are determined in advance. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter do not apply here. Therefore, in this work a model is presented which reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with spin measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. The coupling of the entangled particles is instead based on the conservation of the spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local manner as well. Multilevel entanglements can also be explained locally by the model. The manuscript is thus a step forward towards a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen.
Abstract Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment by means of a Bell state measurement. This is true for instance for teleportation and entanglement swapping. While the results are well understood it is not quite clear if they involve nonlocal action or if they are determined in advance. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter do not apply here. Therefore, in this work a model is presented which reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with spin measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. The coupling of the entangled particles is instead based on the conservation of the spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local manner as well. Multilevel entanglements can also be explained locally by the model. The manuscript is thus a step forward towards a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen.
Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment via a Bell state measurement. This applies, for example, to teleportation and entanglement swapping. Although the results are well understood, it is not entirely clear whether they involve nonlocal action or whether they are predetermined. This can best be decided from a model, provided it predicts the key measurement results. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter cannot be applied here. This is because the partner particles of the resulting entangled states after a teleportation or an entanglement swapping never had contact before. The question then is, what connects entangled photons? Therefore, this paper presents a local realistic model that reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with polarization measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. Instead, the coupling of the entangled particles is based on initial conditions and conservation of spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and also explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local way. The manuscript is thus a step forward toward a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) nonlocality puzzle has been recognized as one of the most important unresolved issues in the foundational aspects of quantum mechanics. We show that the problem is more or less entirely resolved, if the quantum correlations are calculated directly from local quantities, which preserve the phase information in the quantum system. We assume strict locality for the probability amplitudes instead of local realism for the outcomes and calculate an amplitude correlation function. Then the experimentally observed correlation of outcomes is calculated from the square of the amplitude correlation function. Locality of amplitudes implies that measurement on one particle does not collapse the companion particle to a definite state. Apart from resolving the EPR puzzle, this approach shows that the physical interpretation of apparently “nonlocal” effects, such as quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, are different from what is usually assumed. Bell-type measurements do not change distant states. Yet the correlations are correctly reproduced, when measured, if complex probability amplitudes are treated as the basic local quantities. As examples, we derive the quantum correlations of two-particle maximally entangled states and the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entangled state.
Abstract Bell's theorem is refuted by presenting a counterexample that correctly predicts the expectation values of QM. As Bell only ruled out non-contextual models, a contextual model with hidden variables can refute his theorem. Such a model, which is able to explain the spin measurement results with entangled photons or electrons, is presented herein. It is not ruled out by the Kochen-Specker theorem. A physical justification for the contextual behaviour of entangled systems is provided. Consequences for the feasibility of quantum computers are discussed.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.
Can quantum information systems be understood using local realism? The consensus is No. Quantum information is based on qubits and Bell states. According to conventional wisdom these cannot be understood using local realism. Invariably local realism is assumed, incorrectly, to refer only to the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) model. Today a radically different model of local realism has arisen. The Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) is incompatible with Einsteins picture of reality but nevertheless is local and realistic. We show that the Bell test experiments that invalidate EPR, validate TEW! This article uses TEW to reproduce all four Bell states. From TEW we derive the Bell states. We also show that TEW can explain an experiment using remote entangled photons that have no shared history, which are entangled because ofentanglement swapping. The implications of our study for quantum information theory are unclear, except that the term nonlocal should be replaced with a more precise and fruitful term. Nonlocal is vague and misleading. Elementary ray is a verifiable and precisely defined term that can replace it. This paradigm shift could inspire a new generation of quantum information experiments.
According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics (Bohr being its leading voice), the attributes of a physical object (position, momentum, spin, etc.) can be assigned only when they have been measured. Einstein advocated the local realist viewpoint that an object had definite attributes whether they had been measured or not. The Copenhagen school view that measurement actually produces an object’s property would imply that the measurement of one part of an entangled quantum state can instantaneously fix the value of another part, no matter how far the two parts have been separated. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen devised a thought experiment to shine a light on this “spooky action-at-a-distance” feature; its discussion and debate have illuminated the meaning of quantum mechanics (QM). It led later to Bell’s theorem showing that these seemingly philosophical questions can lead to observable results. The experimental vindication of the orthodox theory has sharpened our appreciation of the nonlocal features of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, the counter-intuitive QM picture of objective reality still troubles many, leaving one to wonder whether quantum mechanics is ultimately a complete theory.