Optics Letters

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy of the Cs atom 6S1/2–7P1/2 transition at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell

Emmanuel Klinger, Andrei Mursa, C. M. Rivera-Aguilar, Rémy Vicarini, Nicolas Passilly, Rodolphe Boudot

Published Mar 5, 2024• 16 citations

Abstract

We report on the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected by probing the 6S1/2 - 7P1/2 transition of the Cs atom at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. The dependence of the sub-Doppler resonance (linewidth, amplitude) on some key experimental parameters, including the laser intensity and the cell temperature, is investigated. These narrow atomic resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation and may constitute the basis of a high-stability microcell optical standard.

DOI: 10.1364/ol.514866

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Optics Letters

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy of the Cs atom 6S1/2–7P1/2 transition at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell

Emmanuel Klinger, Andrei Mursa, C. M. Rivera-Aguilar, Rémy Vicarini, Nicolas Passilly, Rodolphe Boudot

Published Mar 5, 2024• 16 citations

Publisher

Abstract

DOI: 10.1364/ol.514866

Related papers

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy of the near-UV Cs atom 6S $_{1/2}$ -7P $_{1/2}$ transition in a microfabricated vapor cellSub-Doppler spectroscopy of the near-UV Cs atom 6S$_{1/2}$-7P$_{1/2}$ transition in a microfabricated vapor cell

Emmanuel Klinger, Andrei Mursa, C. M. Rivera-Aguilar +3 more

We report on the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected by probing the 6S $_{1/2}$ -7P $_{1/2}$ transition of Cs atom at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. The dependence of the sub-Doppler resonance (linewidth, amplitude) on some key experimental parameters, including the laser intensity and the cell temperature, is investigated. These narrow atomic resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy, instrumentation, and may constitute the basis of a near-UV microcell optical standard.We report on the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected by probing the 6S$_{1/2}$-7P$_{1/2}$ transition of Cs atom at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. The dependence of the sub-Doppler resonance (linewidth, amplitude) on some key experimental parameters, including the laser intensity and the cell temperature, is investigated. These narrow atomic resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy, instrumentation, and may constitute the basis of a near-UV microcell optical standard.

arXiv:2311.18459Nov 30, 20230 citations

Saturated absorption spectroscopy of the Cs atom 6S1/2 → 7P1/2 transition at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell

Emmanuel Klinger, Andrei Mursa, C. M. Rivera-Aguilar +3 more

Microfabricated (MEMS) alkali vapor cells are at the core of high-precision integrated atomic quantum sensors and devices [1], such as microwave and optical clocks, or magnetometers. The first chip-scale atomic device was a microwave atomic clock based on coherent population trapping [2]. It has offered in its industrial and commercialized version an ultra-low size-power -instability budget, impacting a plethora of industrial and scientific applications. Nevertheless, the short-term stability of these clocks is usually limited at about 10−10 at 1 s. Hot vapor MEMS-based optical frequency standards constitute a new generation of miniaturized clocks, with enhanced stability. These references keep the benefit of using wafer-scalable and mass-producible vapor cells while preventing ultra-high vacuum technologies and laser cooling. Among the transitions explored, the 6S1/2 → 7P1/2 near-UV transition of Cs atom was used to demonstrate an optical reference with a stability of 2.1 × 10−13 at 1 s and averaging down to a few 10−14 [3]. However, this reference was based on a 5 cm-long glass-blown cell, not compliant with the advent of a fully-miniaturized and low-power optical clock. In this work [4], we present the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected in a microfabricated cell by probing, in a simple saturated absorption configuration, the Cs atom 6S1/2 → 7P1/2 transition at 459 nm. The impact of the laser intensity and cell temperature on the sub-Doppler resonance is experimentally investigated. Optimal values are identified for the development of a near-UV microcell-stabilized frequency reference. Detection noise measurements are also reported, predicting a short-term stability in the 10−13 range at 1 s. Tests of cells with embedded getters are under progress for improved purity of the cell inner atmosphere and narrowing of the resonance.Microfabricated (MEMS) alkali vapor cells are at the core of high-precision integrated atomic quantum sensors and devices [1], such as microwave and optical clocks, or magnetometers. The first chip-scale atomic device was a microwave atomic clock based on coherent population trapping [2]. It has offered in its industrial and commercialized version an ultra-low size-power -instability budget, impacting a plethora of industrial and scientific applications. Nevertheless, the short-term stability of these clocks is usually limited at about 10−10 at 1 s. Hot vapor MEMS-based optical frequency standards constitute a new generation of miniaturized clocks, with enhanced stability. These references keep the benefit of using wafer-scalable and mass-producible vapor cells while preventing ultra-high vacuum technologies and laser cooling. Among the transitions explored, the 6S1/2 → 7P1/2 near-UV transition of Cs atom was used to demonstrate an optical reference with a stability of 2.1 × 10−13 at 1 s and averaging down to a few 10−14 [3]. However, this reference was based on a 5 cm-long glass-blown cell, not compliant with the advent of a fully-miniaturized and low-power optical clock. In this work [4], we present the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected in a microfabricated cell by probing, in a simple saturated absorption configuration, the Cs atom 6S1/2 → 7P1/2 transition at 459 nm. The impact of the laser intensity and cell temperature on the sub-Doppler resonance is experimentally investigated. Optimal values are identified for the development of a near-UV microcell-stabilized frequency reference. Detection noise measurements are also reported, predicting a short-term stability in the 10−13 range at 1 s. Tests of cells with embedded getters are under progress for improved purity of the cell inner atmosphere and narrowing of the resonance.

Sep 30, 20240 citations

Doppler-free spectroscopy of the Cs 6S 1/2 → 7P 3/2 atomic transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer

Armen D. Sargsyan, Emmanuel Klinger, Rodolphe Boudot +1 more

The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the 133 Cs atom 6S 1/2 → 7P 3/2 transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D 2 line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is ℓ = λ /2 ≃ 230 nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom–surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with ℓ ≃ 460 nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth of <20 MHz, located at the atomic transition frequencies, with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation and could serve as a frequency reference.The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the 133 Cs atom 6S 1/2 → 7P 3/2 transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D 2 line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is ℓ = λ /2 ≃ 230 nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom–surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with ℓ ≃ 460 nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth of <20 MHz, located at the atomic transition frequencies, with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation and could serve as a frequency reference.

Optics LettersApr 14, 202511 citations

Doppler-free spectroscopy of the Cs $6\text{S}_{1/2}-7\text{P}_{3/2}$ atomic transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layerDoppler-free spectroscopy of the Cs $6\text{S}_{1/2}-7\text{P}_{3/2}$ atomic transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer

Armen D. Sargsyan, Emmanuel Klinger, Rodolphe Boudot +1 more

The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the $^{133}$ Cs atom $6S_{1/2}-7P_{3/2}$ transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D $_2$ line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is $\ell = λ/2 \simeq 230$ nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom-surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with $\ell\simeq 460$ nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth $<20$ MHz, located at the atomic transitions frequencies with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation, and could serve as a frequency reference.The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the $^{133}$Cs atom $6S_{1/2}-7P_{3/2}$ transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D$_2$ line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is $\ell = λ/2 \simeq 230$ nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom-surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with $\ell\simeq 460$ nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth $<20$ MHz, located at the atomic transitions frequencies with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation, and could serve as a frequency reference.

arXiv:2501.18266Jan 30, 20250 citations

Dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy: Extended theoretical model and microcell-based experiments

Denis V. Brazhnikov, Michael Petersen, Grégoire Coget +4 more

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy in alkali-metal vapor cells using two counterpropagating dual-frequency laser beams allows the detection of high-contrast sign-reversed natural-linewidth sub-Doppler resonances. Previously, a qualitative theory based on a simplified \ensuremath{\Lambda}-scheme model has been reported to explain underlying physics of this phenomenon. In this paper, an extended theoretical model of dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy (DFSDS) for the Cs ${D}_{1}$ line is reported. Taking into account the real atomic energy structure, main relaxation processes, and various nonlinear effects, this model describes quantitatively the respective contributions of involved physical processes and predicts main properties (height and linewidth) of the sub-Doppler resonances. Experimental tests are performed with a Cs vapor microfabricated cell and results are found to be in correct agreement with theoretical predictions. Spatial oscillations of the sub-Doppler resonance amplitude with translation of the reflection mirror are highlighted. A beat note between two laser systems, including one stabilized with DFSDS on a Cs vapor microcell, yields a fractional frequency stability of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ until 10-s averaging time. These results demonstrate that DFSDS could be an interesting approach for the development of a high-performance microcell-based optical frequency reference, with applications in various compact quantum devices.Sub-Doppler spectroscopy in alkali-metal vapor cells using two counterpropagating dual-frequency laser beams allows the detection of high-contrast sign-reversed natural-linewidth sub-Doppler resonances. Previously, a qualitative theory based on a simplified \ensuremath{\Lambda}-scheme model has been reported to explain underlying physics of this phenomenon. In this paper, an extended theoretical model of dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy (DFSDS) for the Cs ${D}_{1}$ line is reported. Taking into account the real atomic energy structure, main relaxation processes, and various nonlinear effects, this model describes quantitatively the respective contributions of involved physical processes and predicts main properties (height and linewidth) of the sub-Doppler resonances. Experimental tests are performed with a Cs vapor microfabricated cell and results are found to be in correct agreement with theoretical predictions. Spatial oscillations of the sub-Doppler resonance amplitude with translation of the reflection mirror are highlighted. A beat note between two laser systems, including one stabilized with DFSDS on a Cs vapor microcell, yields a fractional frequency stability of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ until 10-s averaging time. These results demonstrate that DFSDS could be an interesting approach for the development of a high-performance microcell-based optical frequency reference, with applications in various compact quantum devices.

arXiv:1812.09641Physical Review AJun 17, 201936 citations

Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of Room-Temperature Cs Atomic Vapor in a 400-nm-Thick Nanocell

Armen D. Sargsyan, Rodolphe Momier, A. Papoyan +1 more

Abstract The sub-Doppler absorption and fluorescence spectra at the frequencies of D1- and D2-line transitions in Cs atomic vapor, enclosed in a nanocell (NC) with a thickness L ~ 400 nm, have been investigated experimentally at a near-room temperature. It is shown that a decrease in the NC temperature to 35°C causes narrowing of the absorption lines to values smaller than the Doppler width by a factor of 6, due to which the strong spectral broadening induced by laser field can be measured. The high intensity threshold for optical pumping (which limits the fluorescence intensity in centimeter-length cells) made it possible to record fluorescence spectra (using laser power of several milliwatts) at a temperature of 20°C; thus, a frequency marker of transitions in the range of D1,2 lines can be developed based on a room-temperature NC. A comparison with a widely used marker based on saturated absorption is performed.Abstract The sub-Doppler absorption and fluorescence spectra at the frequencies of D1- and D2-line transitions in Cs atomic vapor, enclosed in a nanocell (NC) with a thickness L ~ 400 nm, have been investigated experimentally at a near-room temperature. It is shown that a decrease in the NC temperature to 35°C causes narrowing of the absorption lines to values smaller than the Doppler width by a factor of 6, due to which the strong spectral broadening induced by laser field can be measured. The high intensity threshold for optical pumping (which limits the fluorescence intensity in centimeter-length cells) made it possible to record fluorescence spectra (using laser power of several milliwatts) at a temperature of 20°C; thus, a frequency marker of transitions in the range of D1,2 lines can be developed based on a room-temperature NC. A comparison with a widely used marker based on saturated absorption is performed.

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical PhysicsOct 1, 20212 citations

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy of the near-UV Cs atom 6S

_{1/2}

-7P

_{1/2}

transition in a microfabricated vapor cell

We report on the characterization of sub-Doppler resonances detected by probing the 6S

_{1/2}

-7P

_{1/2}

transition of Cs atom at 459 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. The dependence of the sub-Doppler resonance (linewidth, amplitude) on some key experimental parameters, including the laser intensity and the cell temperature, is investigated. These narrow atomic resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy, instrumentation, and may constitute the basis of a near-UV microcell optical standard.

Doppler-free spectroscopy of the Cs

6\text{S}_{1/2}-7\text{P}_{3/2}

atomic transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer

The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the

^{133}

Cs atom

6S_{1/2}-7P_{3/2}

transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D

_2

line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is

\ell = λ/2 \simeq 230

nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom-surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with

\ell\simeq 460

nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth

<20

MHz, located at the atomic transitions frequencies with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation, and could serve as a frequency reference.

{D}_{1}

line is reported. Taking into account the real atomic energy structure, main relaxation processes, and various nonlinear effects, this model describes quantitatively the respective contributions of involved physical processes and predicts main properties (height and linewidth) of the sub-Doppler resonances. Experimental tests are performed with a Cs vapor microfabricated cell and results are found to be in correct agreement with theoretical predictions. Spatial oscillations of the sub-Doppler resonance amplitude with translation of the reflection mirror are highlighted. A beat note between two laser systems, including one stabilized with DFSDS on a Cs vapor microcell, yields a fractional frequency stability of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ until 10-s averaging time. These results demonstrate that DFSDS could be an interesting approach for the development of a high-performance microcell-based optical frequency reference, with applications in various compact quantum devices.