Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

NATO science for peace and security series. D, Information and communication security

Post-Quantum Cryptography Efforts in Türkiye

Mehmet Emin Gönen, Muhammed Said Gündoğan, Kamil Otal

Published Feb 19, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The field of post-quantum cryptography has seen significant global progress, with a notable contribution from the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. At the same time, the advancement in programmable quantum computers has exceeded earlier predictions. Consequently, numerous nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Türkiye, China, and (South) Korea, have made significant strides, particularly within the last decade, towards preparing for the quantum computing era. This article seeks to present an overview of relevant institutions and their corresponding endeavors within Türkiye. Specifically, we provide a concise summary of public announcements, NATO events, conferences, and projects primarily from the past five years. The intention is to offer a succinct and enlightening reference for relevant individuals and institutions.

DOI
10.3233/nicsp240010

Related papers

Research Trends in Post-quantum Cryptography

Keita Xagawa

The growing recognition that quantum computers are soon to be a reality is driving research into postquantum cryptography.This article introduces the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, which is playing a core role in the research and development of post-quantum cryptography, and introduces NTT initiatives and independent research related to that project.

NTT technical review•Mar 1, 2019•4 citations

Post-Quantum Cryptography: Evaluating and Standardizing Quantum-Resistant Algorithms

Godwin Olaoye

The advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to current cryptographic systems, particularly public-key algorithms such as RSA and ECC, which are vulnerable to quantum attacks like Shor's algorithm. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) aims to develop and standardize quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms to secure digital communications in the quantum era. This paper examines the current landscape of PQC, focusing on the evaluation and standardization efforts led by organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We analyze the major families of quantum-resistant algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, multivariate, and isogeny-based cryptography, discussing their security guarantees, performance trade-offs, and implementation challenges. Furthermore, we review NIST's PQC standardization process, highlighting selected finalists and alternate candidates, and explore the ongoing transition challenges in adopting these algorithms across industries. Finally, we discuss future directions for PQC research, including hybrid cryptographic systems and the need for continued cryptanalysis to ensure long-term security. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the progress and challenges in deploying quantum-resistant cryptography to safeguard against emerging quantum threats.

•Apr 9, 2025•0 citations

From Inception to Realization: NIST's Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization

Project Scientist, Society for Electronic Transactions and Security (SETS), Chennai (Tamil Nadu) India., Renita J, Edna Elizabeth N. +2 more

Cryptography is a term that safeguards the security of electronic banking transactions, and emails, and most importantly our country relies on cryptography for national security purposes. Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has a major aim of developing newer cryptographic schemes that make the cryptosystem secure against quantum computers. This is a state-of-the-art research topic, and it is encouraged by some security agencies like the National Security Agency (NSA). This paper presents a concise and up-to-date review of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for standardization. Highlighting the need for cryptographic resilience in the era of quantum computing, the study focuses on the technical evaluation of candidate algorithms, including their performance in terms of time and space efficiency. It also examines the progression of these algorithms through NIST’s multi-round selection process, highlighting key developments and implementation challenges. The paper aims to provide researchers with a clear overview of the current state of PQC standardization and the practical considerations involved in deploying secure, quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions.

Indian Journal of Cryptography and Network Security•May 27, 2025•1 citation

Illuminating the Path of Post-Quantum Cryptographic Protocols: A Survey of some Recent Literatures

Alvary Kefas Kwala, Alpna Mishra, Shri Kant

Abstract The imminent threat posed by quantum computers to modern public key cryptography has spurred the development of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Over the last two decades, the field of PQC research has thrived, yielding a diverse range of algorithms resilient against quantum attacks. These PQC algorithms are undergoing selection and standardization by prominent bodies ; such as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the challenge remains substantial, given the monumental task of migrating numerous new devices to PQC algorithms. This complex, multi-decade transition from classical cryptography to PQC, necessitates careful survey of research articles to consider the current post quantum cryptographic schemes, and key protective strategies against quantum threats, implementation feasibility, compliance and challenges of implementations. This will provide insight and future directions for new researchers and organizations. .

•Nov 6, 2023•0 citations

POST-QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

Г. С. Єлісєєва

Post-quantum cryptography is one of the key areas of development of modern means of information protection inconnection with the active progress of quantum technologies. Classical cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC,become vulnerable due to the Shor algorithm, which threatens the long-term security of information systems. The articleprovides an in-depth review of the current state of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on the results of the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) selection, and also analyzes the approaches proposed in recent scientificpublications. The characteristics of the Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon, and SPHINCS+ algorithms are considered in detail - theirsecurity parameters, performance, cryptographic strength, requirements for hardware resources, and possibilities of applicationin practical systems. Special attention is paid to the issues of integrating post-quantum algorithms into existing cryptographicprotocols, in particular, into public-key systems, public-key infrastructure, and secure communication channels. The keyproblems of implementing post-quantum cryptography in information infrastructures are considered, including: increased keysizes and cryptographic parameters, computational delays, compatibility with existing software and hardware solutions, and theneed to revise key management policies. The prospects for implementing post-quantum solutions in Ukraine are separatelyanalyzed, and practical recommendations are offered for a phased migration to such algorithms for state and corporate systems,taking into account the requirements for long-term data confidentiality and protection of critical information infrastructure.Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, quantum attacks, NIST PQC, Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon, SPHINCS+,cryptoresistance. References1. NIST. (n.d.). Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Project. https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/postquantum-cryptography.2. NIST. (2024). NIST releases first 3 finalized post-quantum encryption standards. https://www.nist.gov/newsevents.3. Dam, D. T., Mavroeidis, V., & Vishi, K. (2023). A survey of post-quantum cryptography: Start of a newquantum era. Cryptography, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030040.4. Kokare, Priyanka & Vora, Deepali & Patil, Shruti & Kotecha, Ketan & Khairnar, Vaishali & Choudhury,Tanupriya & Kulkarni, Ambarish. (2024). Post Quantum Cryptography: A survey of Past and Future.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382398375_Post_Quantum_Cryptography_A_survey_of_Past_and_Future.5. Chen, L., Jordan, S., Liu, Y.-K., Moody, D., Peralta, R., Perlner, R., Smith-Tone, D. (2016). Report on PostQuantum Cryptography. NIST IR 8105. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8105.6. Bos, J. W., et al. (2017). CRYSTALS-Kyber: A CCA-Secure Module-Lattice-Based KEM. https://pqcrystals.org/kyber/data/kyber-specification-round3.pdf.7. Ducas, L., et al. (2018). CRYSTALS-Dilithium: Digital Signatures from Module Lattices. https://pqcrystals.org/dilithium/data/dilithium-specification-round3.pdf.8. Pöppelmann, T., Oder, T., & Güneysu, T. (2015). High-Speed Ideal Lattice-Based Cryptography on 8-bit AVRMicrocontrollers. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015/382. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/382.pdf.9. Cloudflare. (2023). Post-Quantum Cryptography Support in TLS and Web Infrastructure.https://blog.cloudflare.com/tag/post-quantum-cryptography/.10. ETSI. (2020). Quantum-Safe Cryptography – An Overview. https://www.etsi.org/technologies/quantum-safecryptography.11. NCSC UK. (2020). Preparing for Quantum-Safe Cryptography. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/whitepaper/preparing-for-quantum-safe-cryptography.12. Keyfactor & Ponemon Institute. (2023). State of Machine Identity Management Report. Keyfactor, Inc.https://www.keyfactor.com.13. Shor, P. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring. Proceedings of the35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.14. Bernstein, D., & Lange, T. (2017). Post-Quantum Cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88702-7.15. Grover, L. (1996). A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. STOC '96.https://doi.org/10.1145/237814.237866.16. Mosca, M. (2018). Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: Will we be ready? IEEE Security &Privacy, 16(5), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.3761723.17. Prest, T. (2020). Efficient implementation issues in Falcon. https://falcon-sign.info.18. SPHINCS+ Team. (n.d.). SPHINCS+ Specification. https://sphincs.org/data/sphincs+-specification.pdf.

Modern information security•Mar 30, 2026•0 citations

A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race

Duc-Thuan Dam, Thai-Ha Tran, Van‐Phuc Hoang +2 more

Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.

Cryptography•Aug 14, 2023•188 citations
The field of post-quantum cryptography has seen significant global progress, with a notable contribution from the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. At the same time, the advancement in programmable quantum computers has exceeded earlier predictions. Consequently, numerous nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Türkiye, China, and (South) Korea, have made significant strides, particularly within the last decade, towards preparing for the quantum computing era. This article seeks to present an overview of relevant institutions and their corresponding endeavors within Türkiye. Specifically, we provide a concise summary of public announcements, NATO events, conferences, and projects primarily from the past five years. The intention is to offer a succinct and enlightening reference for relevant individuals and institutions.
The advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to current cryptographic systems, particularly public-key algorithms such as RSA and ECC, which are vulnerable to quantum attacks like Shor's algorithm. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) aims to develop and standardize quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms to secure digital communications in the quantum era. This paper examines the current landscape of PQC, focusing on the evaluation and standardization efforts led by organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We analyze the major families of quantum-resistant algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, multivariate, and isogeny-based cryptography, discussing their security guarantees, performance trade-offs, and implementation challenges. Furthermore, we review NIST's PQC standardization process, highlighting selected finalists and alternate candidates, and explore the ongoing transition challenges in adopting these algorithms across industries. Finally, we discuss future directions for PQC research, including hybrid cryptographic systems and the need for continued cryptanalysis to ensure long-term security. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the progress and challenges in deploying quantum-resistant cryptography to safeguard against emerging quantum threats.
Cryptography is a term that safeguards the security of electronic banking transactions, and emails, and most importantly our country relies on cryptography for national security purposes. Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has a major aim of developing newer cryptographic schemes that make the cryptosystem secure against quantum computers. This is a state-of-the-art research topic, and it is encouraged by some security agencies like the National Security Agency (NSA). This paper presents a concise and up-to-date review of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for standardization. Highlighting the need for cryptographic resilience in the era of quantum computing, the study focuses on the technical evaluation of candidate algorithms, including their performance in terms of time and space efficiency. It also examines the progression of these algorithms through NIST’s multi-round selection process, highlighting key developments and implementation challenges. The paper aims to provide researchers with a clear overview of the current state of PQC standardization and the practical considerations involved in deploying secure, quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions.
Abstract The imminent threat posed by quantum computers to modern public key cryptography has spurred the development of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Over the last two decades, the field of PQC research has thrived, yielding a diverse range of algorithms resilient against quantum attacks. These PQC algorithms are undergoing selection and standardization by prominent bodies ; such as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the challenge remains substantial, given the monumental task of migrating numerous new devices to PQC algorithms. This complex, multi-decade transition from classical cryptography to PQC, necessitates careful survey of research articles to consider the current post quantum cryptographic schemes, and key protective strategies against quantum threats, implementation feasibility, compliance and challenges of implementations. This will provide insight and future directions for new researchers and organizations. .
Post-quantum cryptography is one of the key areas of development of modern means of information protection inconnection with the active progress of quantum technologies. Classical cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC,become vulnerable due to the Shor algorithm, which threatens the long-term security of information systems. The articleprovides an in-depth review of the current state of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on the results of the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) selection, and also analyzes the approaches proposed in recent scientificpublications. The characteristics of the Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon, and SPHINCS+ algorithms are considered in detail - theirsecurity parameters, performance, cryptographic strength, requirements for hardware resources, and possibilities of applicationin practical systems. Special attention is paid to the issues of integrating post-quantum algorithms into existing cryptographicprotocols, in particular, into public-key systems, public-key infrastructure, and secure communication channels. The keyproblems of implementing post-quantum cryptography in information infrastructures are considered, including: increased keysizes and cryptographic parameters, computational delays, compatibility with existing software and hardware solutions, and theneed to revise key management policies. The prospects for implementing post-quantum solutions in Ukraine are separatelyanalyzed, and practical recommendations are offered for a phased migration to such algorithms for state and corporate systems,taking into account the requirements for long-term data confidentiality and protection of critical information infrastructure.Keywords: post-quantum cryptography, quantum attacks, NIST PQC, Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon, SPHINCS+,cryptoresistance. References1. NIST. (n.d.). Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Project. https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/postquantum-cryptography.2. NIST. (2024). NIST releases first 3 finalized post-quantum encryption standards. https://www.nist.gov/newsevents.3. Dam, D. T., Mavroeidis, V., & Vishi, K. (2023). A survey of post-quantum cryptography: Start of a newquantum era. Cryptography, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030040.4. Kokare, Priyanka & Vora, Deepali & Patil, Shruti & Kotecha, Ketan & Khairnar, Vaishali & Choudhury,Tanupriya & Kulkarni, Ambarish. (2024). Post Quantum Cryptography: A survey of Past and Future.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382398375_Post_Quantum_Cryptography_A_survey_of_Past_and_Future.5. Chen, L., Jordan, S., Liu, Y.-K., Moody, D., Peralta, R., Perlner, R., Smith-Tone, D. (2016). Report on PostQuantum Cryptography. NIST IR 8105. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8105.6. Bos, J. W., et al. (2017). CRYSTALS-Kyber: A CCA-Secure Module-Lattice-Based KEM. https://pqcrystals.org/kyber/data/kyber-specification-round3.pdf.7. Ducas, L., et al. (2018). CRYSTALS-Dilithium: Digital Signatures from Module Lattices. https://pqcrystals.org/dilithium/data/dilithium-specification-round3.pdf.8. Pöppelmann, T., Oder, T., & Güneysu, T. (2015). High-Speed Ideal Lattice-Based Cryptography on 8-bit AVRMicrocontrollers. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015/382. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/382.pdf.9. Cloudflare. (2023). Post-Quantum Cryptography Support in TLS and Web Infrastructure.https://blog.cloudflare.com/tag/post-quantum-cryptography/.10. ETSI. (2020). Quantum-Safe Cryptography – An Overview. https://www.etsi.org/technologies/quantum-safecryptography.11. NCSC UK. (2020). Preparing for Quantum-Safe Cryptography. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/whitepaper/preparing-for-quantum-safe-cryptography.12. Keyfactor & Ponemon Institute. (2023). State of Machine Identity Management Report. Keyfactor, Inc.https://www.keyfactor.com.13. Shor, P. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring. Proceedings of the35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.14. Bernstein, D., & Lange, T. (2017). Post-Quantum Cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88702-7.15. Grover, L. (1996). A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. STOC '96.https://doi.org/10.1145/237814.237866.16. Mosca, M. (2018). Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: Will we be ready? IEEE Security &Privacy, 16(5), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.3761723.17. Prest, T. (2020). Efficient implementation issues in Falcon. https://falcon-sign.info.18. SPHINCS+ Team. (n.d.). SPHINCS+ Specification. https://sphincs.org/data/sphincs+-specification.pdf.
Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.