The growing recognition that quantum computers are soon to be a reality is driving research into postquantum cryptography.This article introduces the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, which is playing a core role in the research and development of post-quantum cryptography, and introduces NTT initiatives and independent research related to that project.
The growing recognition that quantum computers are soon to be a reality is driving research into postquantum cryptography.This article introduces the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, which is playing a core role in the research and development of post-quantum cryptography, and introduces NTT initiatives and independent research related to that project.
Cryptography is a term that safeguards the security of electronic banking transactions, and emails, and most importantly our country relies on cryptography for national security purposes. Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has a major aim of developing newer cryptographic schemes that make the cryptosystem secure against quantum computers. This is a state-of-the-art research topic, and it is encouraged by some security agencies like the National Security Agency (NSA). This paper presents a concise and up-to-date review of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for standardization. Highlighting the need for cryptographic resilience in the era of quantum computing, the study focuses on the technical evaluation of candidate algorithms, including their performance in terms of time and space efficiency. It also examines the progression of these algorithms through NIST’s multi-round selection process, highlighting key developments and implementation challenges. The paper aims to provide researchers with a clear overview of the current state of PQC standardization and the practical considerations involved in deploying secure, quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions.
The security of widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms (e.g., RSA, elliptic-curve cryptography) is expected to deteriorate once large-scale and fault-tolerant quantum computers are developed. The potential threat is severe because such algorithms underlie the IT infrastructure in modern society, such as in the financial industry. Although the threat is unlikely to materialize in the foreseeable future, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been in the process of standardizing post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is designed to be secure against quantum computers. NIST has been scrutinizing the security and performance of 15 candidate algorithms (seven finalists and eight alternates). Standardization should accelerate the migration to PQC around the world, not only within the U.S. government. In this paper, we discuss recent trends in the R&D of quantum computers and the security risks of public-key cryptographic algorithms. Then we review NIST's ongoing progress in standardizing PQC and the responses of other organizations in support of the migration. Finally, we discuss future challenges for the real-world implementation of PQC.
The quantum computer will likely become one of the world's most important technologies because of its potential to shorten the years of computing time needed to break cryptography to mere hours. The race among countries to have the edge in quantum technology is improving intelligence, information, and scientific research in this field. This report focuses on the imperative transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to safeguard systems, particularly against quantum computing threats. It explores the major types of PQC algorithms, including lattice-based, codebased, and hash-based systems. It emphasizes the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) efforts and the process for algorithm standardization. The report will also discuss implementation challenges, such as balancing security with resource constraints in embedded devices. Future trends point towards the necessity of developing specialized hardware and software optimizations to ensure the efficient implementation of quantum-safe protocols.
Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.
The field of post-quantum cryptography has seen significant global progress, with a notable contribution from the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. At the same time, the advancement in programmable quantum computers has exceeded earlier predictions. Consequently, numerous nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Türkiye, China, and (South) Korea, have made significant strides, particularly within the last decade, towards preparing for the quantum computing era. This article seeks to present an overview of relevant institutions and their corresponding endeavors within Türkiye. Specifically, we provide a concise summary of public announcements, NATO events, conferences, and projects primarily from the past five years. The intention is to offer a succinct and enlightening reference for relevant individuals and institutions.
Abstract The imminent threat posed by quantum computers to modern public key cryptography has spurred the development of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Over the last two decades, the field of PQC research has thrived, yielding a diverse range of algorithms resilient against quantum attacks. These PQC algorithms are undergoing selection and standardization by prominent bodies ; such as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the challenge remains substantial, given the monumental task of migrating numerous new devices to PQC algorithms. This complex, multi-decade transition from classical cryptography to PQC, necessitates careful survey of research articles to consider the current post quantum cryptographic schemes, and key protective strategies against quantum threats, implementation feasibility, compliance and challenges of implementations. This will provide insight and future directions for new researchers and organizations. .