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International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems

Enhanced Approach To Generate One Time Password (OTP) Using Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG)

Riddhi B. Prajapati, Shailesh Panchal

Published Jan 15, 2024• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In secure IT systems, a One Time Password (OTP) is used.They can only be used once for a transaction or a login session.It is usually used for multi-factor authentication and is one of the security services based on human responses.In the field of cryptography, the creation of pseudo-random bitstreams is similar to how one-time passwords (OTPs) work.In modern computers, the security of cryptographic procedures is greatly enhanced by the use of random numbers.The use of a Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) makes it possible to replace periodic sequences that appear random with real random data.A QTRNG is used in this research on a real Quantum Computational Device (QCD) in a local environment.The IBM Quantum Experience Qiskit platform is used to build a random number generator.Qiskit is an open source platform that provides users to work with actual quantum devices for simulating quantum algorithms, different gates and circuits on IBM Quantum Experience or on simulators.The random number is investigated with different qubits (quantum bits) to generate random bits that can be used for One Time Password Generation.

DOI
10.12785/ijcds/150122

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In secure IT systems, a One Time Password (OTP) is used.They can only be used once for a transaction or a login session.It is usually used for multi-factor authentication and is one of the security services based on human responses.In the field of cryptography, the creation of pseudo-random bitstreams is similar to how one-time passwords (OTPs) work.In modern computers, the security of cryptographic procedures is greatly enhanced by the use of random numbers.The use of a Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) makes it possible to replace periodic sequences that appear random with real random data.A QTRNG is used in this research on a real Quantum Computational Device (QCD) in a local environment.The IBM Quantum Experience Qiskit platform is used to build a random number generator.Qiskit is an open source platform that provides users to work with actual quantum devices for simulating quantum algorithms, different gates and circuits on IBM Quantum Experience or on simulators.The random number is investigated with different qubits (quantum bits) to generate random bits that can be used for One Time Password Generation.
Random numbers are the lifeline of any cryptographic operation in modern computing. Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) can yield real random data to replace random-looking periodic sequences. Here, we present the fastest QTRNG on factual Quantum Computational Devices (QCD) locally on our device to save time. To construct a random number generator, the IBM Q Experience called Qiskit is used. The ease of our source Hadamard gate pooled with its verifiably sole randomness is imperative for attaining quantum random number generators at no cost. The inner matrix product of the square of the Hadamard gate is proved to be identified in the quantum lab. Applying the H gate twice on the quantum register cancelled out the H gate pair. It acted as a single Hadamard gate that was practically visualised using the IMB Q experience. The 24-qubit random number is experimented with and investigated in this work. The min-entropy of such generated random numbers is 0.0007244 with the worst-case entropy value of 0.999507. Besides, subsequent verification of genuine randomness was confirmed by steering restart experimentation, & the statistical properties of TRNG were evaluated over autocorrelation study, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-90B & 800-22 tests.
ABSTRACT The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a serious threat to classical authentication mechanisms that rely on computational hardness assumptions and software-based randomness. Traditional authentication systems such as passwords, one-time passwords (OTPs), and public-key cryptography depend heavily on pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) and classical cryptographic algorithms, many of which are vulnerable to future quantum attacks. This paper proposes and analyzes a Hybrid Post-Quantum Secure Authentication system using Quantum-Generated One-Time Tokens (Q-OTT). The proposed approach combines true quantum randomness obtained from Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) with post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms for token protection and verification. A detailed comparison between classical authentication systems and the hybrid Q-OTT approach is presented in terms of randomness, security, entropy, and quantum resistance. The study demonstrates that hybrid Q-OTT systems offer significantly enhanced security against both classical and quantum adversaries, at the cost of moderate infrastructure requirements. Keywords Post-Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Random Number Generator, One-Time Token, Authentication Systems, Quantum Security, Hybrid Authentication
Abstract Two‐way authentication methods are utilized in every online user authentication transactions. Use of one time passwords (OTP) have proved to be more secure method, than one factor authentication when the two authentication schemes are carried out on different media. However, current use of OTP restricts authentication to the device itself rather than the user. The fraud cases with OTP based transactions have also increased due to growth of technology. Hence, there is a requirement of enhancing security of OTP based transactions. The study in this paper anchors on mathematically proven properties of quantum cryptography and utilizes the quantum entanglement property to generate quantum OTP (QOTP) for authenticating the user based on its biometrics. The proposed method takes into consideration various quantum computing capabilities of user, thus paving path for gradual upgradation of infrastructure. The work in the paper gives the outline of infrastructure required for implementing the proposed model and concludes by comparing security analysis of existing and proposed model against man‐in‐the‐middle attack (MITM) and user end vulnerabilities to bring forth the importance of QOTP. The practical implementation of the proposed model is envisaged as future research work due to evolving nature of quantum experiments.
Truly random integers, which are the absolute requirement for this type of cryptography, are necessary for data security. Conventional PRNGs is deterministically which makes them predicted. This type of weakness is present in them. Unlike conventional algorithms, QRNG uses something very fundamental, quantum physics. It has allowed for a breakthrough in using random numbers that are unpredictable. The main goal of the project to design a system including the QRNG (quantum random number generator) and cloud platform developed by IBM. The system produces robust and ideal output for cryptography while being both effective and efficient. We will conduct detailed and effective tuning and testing so as to increase output. Outputs of this project are a QRNG system built on the cloud that can be connected with cryptographic applications, certified sequence, and informational materials of the organization. With this research of QRNGs synchronized with the IBM cloud platform, we make cryptographic security stronger by using the quantum mechanical method to create truly random numbers. Moreover, QRNGs contribute to the cryptographic applications which are intended to be incredibly secure and of high dependability by providing random numbers to enter the realm of crypto-with very little human participation. Basically, the cloud-based architecture enable systems to scale and possible failure resilience via migrating the workload or storing the data online. Quantum improvements will speed up the process of replacing the currently accepted cryptographic paradigm with something opening new ways of digital communication. This research is about quantum physics, cloud computing, and cryptography, bringing together how these concepts operate, as a result, of the unexpected and secure cryptographic applications.
Secure image transmission has become critical in the emerging quantum computing landscape. This research introduces a hybrid key quantum encryption approach that combines Quantum True Random Number Generation (QTRNG) and Quantum Pseudo Random Number Generation (QPRNG) to enhance security and efficiency. The proposed Quantum Hybrid Random Number Generator (QHRNG) integrates entanglement-based true randomness with structured pseudo-randomness using Hadamard, controlled rotation and Clifford gates to generate high-entropy encryption keys. The generated Quantum keys are applied to encrypt grayscale images using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Image Representation (NEQR). The encryption process is strengthened by quantum bit-level scrambling and selective Quantum Fourier Transform. The proposed method is implemented on Qiskit’s Aer and Basic simulators and validated on IBM’s torino quantum hardware. Compared to standalone QTRNG and QPRNG methods, QHRNG consistently provides higher randomness and stronger security in noisy and noiseless environments. This work offers a robust and future-ready framework for quantum secure image encryption.
We propose to develop quantum true random number generation (QTRNG) in IBM's quantum laboratory by implementing the Random Quantum Fourier Transform (RQFT) technique utilizing quantum gates. This approach overcomes the imperfections caused by noise and decoherence in quantum circuits by utilizing the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) to replace the computational basis with a Fourier basis comprising a complex superposition of qubit states. For usage in symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic applications, the RQFT-based QTRNG produces unpredictable high quality random numbers. It satisfies all the preliminary tests, Autocorrelation test, and extensive National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suites, such as SP 800-90 and SP 800-22 are used to assess the generated sequences randomness in order to guarantee their robustness and reliability.