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Security and Privacy

Two‐factor authentication using biometric based quantum operations

Mohak Dwarkadhish Sharma, Manisha J. Nene

Published Jan 2, 2020• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Two‐way authentication methods are utilized in every online user authentication transactions. Use of one time passwords (OTP) have proved to be more secure method, than one factor authentication when the two authentication schemes are carried out on different media. However, current use of OTP restricts authentication to the device itself rather than the user. The fraud cases with OTP based transactions have also increased due to growth of technology. Hence, there is a requirement of enhancing security of OTP based transactions. The study in this paper anchors on mathematically proven properties of quantum cryptography and utilizes the quantum entanglement property to generate quantum OTP (QOTP) for authenticating the user based on its biometrics. The proposed method takes into consideration various quantum computing capabilities of user, thus paving path for gradual upgradation of infrastructure. The work in the paper gives the outline of infrastructure required for implementing the proposed model and concludes by comparing security analysis of existing and proposed model against man‐in‐the‐middle attack (MITM) and user end vulnerabilities to bring forth the importance of QOTP. The practical implementation of the proposed model is envisaged as future research work due to evolving nature of quantum experiments.

DOI
10.1002/spy2.102

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Abstract Two‐way authentication methods are utilized in every online user authentication transactions. Use of one time passwords (OTP) have proved to be more secure method, than one factor authentication when the two authentication schemes are carried out on different media. However, current use of OTP restricts authentication to the device itself rather than the user. The fraud cases with OTP based transactions have also increased due to growth of technology. Hence, there is a requirement of enhancing security of OTP based transactions. The study in this paper anchors on mathematically proven properties of quantum cryptography and utilizes the quantum entanglement property to generate quantum OTP (QOTP) for authenticating the user based on its biometrics. The proposed method takes into consideration various quantum computing capabilities of user, thus paving path for gradual upgradation of infrastructure. The work in the paper gives the outline of infrastructure required for implementing the proposed model and concludes by comparing security analysis of existing and proposed model against man‐in‐the‐middle attack (MITM) and user end vulnerabilities to bring forth the importance of QOTP. The practical implementation of the proposed model is envisaged as future research work due to evolving nature of quantum experiments.
Abstract One Time Passwords (OTP) are being widely used for authentication of user to access a number of services offered online. The security vulnerabilities in classical execution of OTP schemes are addressed using Quantum OTP (QOTP) scheme with user biometrics. This scheme requires sharing of user biometric data with every service provider. The chances of leakage of user biometrics increase with increase in number of entities holding the data. Further, loss of data by any entity compromises user identity for all other services. The work carried out in this article addresses the above‐mentioned challenges by incorporating a trusted third party which holds user biometric data and carries out authentication on its behalf. The proposed model continues leveraging upon inherent security benefits provided by Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Communication and utilizing user biometrics as authentication data. It modifies the QOTP scheme by carrying out mutual authentication for user and server against a particular transaction. The proposed model brings in the advantages of Single Sign On facility in terms of hardware to reduce infrastructure cost and No Secret Sharing of user biometric data with the servers to protect against rogue servers. The security analysis demonstrates the merit of the inherent procedures of the proposed work which leverage on the no‐cloning and quantum cryptography principles.
With online transactions and processing, a large amount of data is generated in today’s internet world, and securing this information is a challenge. It considers security and privacy as the degree of resistance to information and different transaction details from threats and vulnerabilities. The primary concern in online banking is user authentication, information confidentiality, and the channel/media through which the information is shared. Towards this purpose, the paper majorly focuses on the security techniques under classical and quantum cryptography used in online banking to address the issues and different attacks during service utilization. Paper presents a model used to authenticate a client through quantum-safe channel technique in conjunction with one-time pad (OTP) concept to increase security and avoid reply attacks. The idea of introducing quantum cryptography aims to analyze the performance for the operational feasibility of the proposed solution. Combining quantum computing and classical algorithms can boost fraud detection performance and processing speed in financial transactions. Hence, the proposed scheme considers implementing a hybrid technique and QKD for secure online banking in a quantum cryptography environment.
This paper presents an overview of quantum errors and noise channels, their mathematical modeling and its implementation in quantum one time password (QOTP) based user authentication. Quantum noise plays a pivotal role in understanding quantum information theory which is important to build up quantum communication theory. The Kraus operators provide a powerful mathematical tool in understanding and modeling various quantum channels. Use of QOTP provides an impressive method of carrying out user authentication involving quantum operations based on user biometrics. However, the efficiency of this method can be better envisaged by incorporating noise models during qubit transmission.
In today’s online environment, a lot of data is created through online transactions and processing, and protecting this data can be difficult. When talking about security and privacy, it takes into account how resistant information and other transaction data is to threats and flaws. Online banking raises three key concerns: user identity, data confidentiality, and the medium or channel over which the information is conveyed. For this reason, the main focus of this study is on the security methods used in online banking that fall within the categories of classical and quantum cryptography in order to combat multiple attacks and problems that may arise when using the service. The study offers a conceptual model for client authentication using the one-time pad (OTP) idea in conjunction with quantum-safe channel technology to boost security and prevent reply attacks. To assess the performance and determine whether the proposed framework operationally feasible, quantum cryptography is being introduced. The performance and speed of financial transaction processing can be increased by combining quantum computing with traditional algorithms for fraud detection. In order to create a safe key exchange with the help of quantum cryptography, the proposed approach takes this into consideration and implements QKD and QRNG.
Abstract Authentication of the entity is the initial step toward secure transaction over the internet. The evolution in the nature and types of attacks have forced the commerce industry to move from single factor to multi‐factor authentication technique largely employing biometric codes for human based entity. These biometric codes are unique and therefore, are synonymous to a user identity in the digital world. Hence, safeguarding the Biometric data becomes important for the user. Also, the classical authentication techniques relying on public key encryption schemes are no longer considered safe in the post quantum era. The research in this paper therefore, proposes a quantum based mutual authentication user‐server protocol which employs the principles of quantum mechanics to carry out secure exchange and storage of confidential data. The mathematical formulae validated through demonstration of properties of quantum mechanics verifies the ability of the protocol to work in compromised channel. The detailed security analysis carried out further quantifies the same and builds in confidence to adopt the quantum based mutual authentication protocol for critical user‐server data exchange.
Authentication is one of the significant issues for all kinds of network communications. Most of the authentication protocols designed and implemented so far for entity authentication are based on classical cryptographic techniques to prevent themselves from different types of attacks. These protocols use either password or challenge for authentication. In this article, the design of the proposed quantum secure entity authentication protocol is shown. The proposed protocol is based on the challenge response method. Due to quantum computer capability to break mathematical complexity-based cryptographic techniques, the proposed protocol uses the one-time pad (OTP) to secure itself from attacks, i.e., eavesdropping, reply attack, password guessing attack, man-in-the-middle attack, brute-force attack, quantum computer attack, etc. Security of the proposed protocol was analyzed, and it shows that the proposed protocol may prevent itself from different types of attacks. Further, analysis for quantum Secure was carried out. From the analysis, it is found that if the OTP key is truly random and cannot be reused, then a computer with infinite capacity or quantum computer cannot break the encrypted challenge and response. The proposed protocol may be used for entity authentication for the client, server, process, and user.