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International Journal of Information Security and Privacy

A Quantum Secure Entity Authentication Protocol Design for Network Security

Surjit Paul, Sanjay Kumar, Rajiv Ranjan Suman

Published Sep 13, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Authentication is one of the significant issues for all kinds of network communications. Most of the authentication protocols designed and implemented so far for entity authentication are based on classical cryptographic techniques to prevent themselves from different types of attacks. These protocols use either password or challenge for authentication. In this article, the design of the proposed quantum secure entity authentication protocol is shown. The proposed protocol is based on the challenge response method. Due to quantum computer capability to break mathematical complexity-based cryptographic techniques, the proposed protocol uses the one-time pad (OTP) to secure itself from attacks, i.e., eavesdropping, reply attack, password guessing attack, man-in-the-middle attack, brute-force attack, quantum computer attack, etc. Security of the proposed protocol was analyzed, and it shows that the proposed protocol may prevent itself from different types of attacks. Further, analysis for quantum Secure was carried out. From the analysis, it is found that if the OTP key is truly random and cannot be reused, then a computer with infinite capacity or quantum computer cannot break the encrypted challenge and response. The proposed protocol may be used for entity authentication for the client, server, process, and user.

DOI
10.4018/ijisp.2019100101

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•Sep 4, 2026•0 citations
Authentication is one of the significant issues for all kinds of network communications. Most of the authentication protocols designed and implemented so far for entity authentication are based on classical cryptographic techniques to prevent themselves from different types of attacks. These protocols use either password or challenge for authentication. In this article, the design of the proposed quantum secure entity authentication protocol is shown. The proposed protocol is based on the challenge response method. Due to quantum computer capability to break mathematical complexity-based cryptographic techniques, the proposed protocol uses the one-time pad (OTP) to secure itself from attacks, i.e., eavesdropping, reply attack, password guessing attack, man-in-the-middle attack, brute-force attack, quantum computer attack, etc. Security of the proposed protocol was analyzed, and it shows that the proposed protocol may prevent itself from different types of attacks. Further, analysis for quantum Secure was carried out. From the analysis, it is found that if the OTP key is truly random and cannot be reused, then a computer with infinite capacity or quantum computer cannot break the encrypted challenge and response. The proposed protocol may be used for entity authentication for the client, server, process, and user.
Authentication is one of the significant issues for all kinds of network communications. Most of the authentication protocols designed and implemented so far for entity authentication are based on classical cryptographic techniques to prevent themselves from different types of attacks. These protocols use either password or challenge for authentication. In this article, the design of the proposed quantum secure entity authentication protocol is shown. The proposed protocol is based on the challenge response method. Due to quantum computer capability to break mathematical complexity-based cryptographic techniques, the proposed protocol uses the one-time pad (OTP) to secure itself from attacks, i.e., eavesdropping, reply attack, password guessing attack, man-in-the-middle attack, brute-force attack, quantum computer attack, etc. Security of the proposed protocol was analyzed, and it shows that the proposed protocol may prevent itself from different types of attacks. Further, analysis for quantum Secure was carried out. From the analysis, it is found that if the OTP key is truly random and cannot be reused, then a computer with infinite capacity or quantum computer cannot break the encrypted challenge and response. The proposed protocol may be used for entity authentication for the client, server, process, and user.
With online transactions and processing, a large amount of data is generated in today’s internet world, and securing this information is a challenge. It considers security and privacy as the degree of resistance to information and different transaction details from threats and vulnerabilities. The primary concern in online banking is user authentication, information confidentiality, and the channel/media through which the information is shared. Towards this purpose, the paper majorly focuses on the security techniques under classical and quantum cryptography used in online banking to address the issues and different attacks during service utilization. Paper presents a model used to authenticate a client through quantum-safe channel technique in conjunction with one-time pad (OTP) concept to increase security and avoid reply attacks. The idea of introducing quantum cryptography aims to analyze the performance for the operational feasibility of the proposed solution. Combining quantum computing and classical algorithms can boost fraud detection performance and processing speed in financial transactions. Hence, the proposed scheme considers implementing a hybrid technique and QKD for secure online banking in a quantum cryptography environment.
Abstract Two‐way authentication methods are utilized in every online user authentication transactions. Use of one time passwords (OTP) have proved to be more secure method, than one factor authentication when the two authentication schemes are carried out on different media. However, current use of OTP restricts authentication to the device itself rather than the user. The fraud cases with OTP based transactions have also increased due to growth of technology. Hence, there is a requirement of enhancing security of OTP based transactions. The study in this paper anchors on mathematically proven properties of quantum cryptography and utilizes the quantum entanglement property to generate quantum OTP (QOTP) for authenticating the user based on its biometrics. The proposed method takes into consideration various quantum computing capabilities of user, thus paving path for gradual upgradation of infrastructure. The work in the paper gives the outline of infrastructure required for implementing the proposed model and concludes by comparing security analysis of existing and proposed model against man‐in‐the‐middle attack (MITM) and user end vulnerabilities to bring forth the importance of QOTP. The practical implementation of the proposed model is envisaged as future research work due to evolving nature of quantum experiments.
A significant problem facing cybersecurity is that most client/server identity authentication schemes depend on computational complexity which is recently challenged by the super exponential computational abilities of quantum computers. Quantum cryptography with its quantum mechanics principles solves this problem and provides mathematically un-hackable secure communication for the quantum computers epoch. Biometric authentication has a big challenge related to its protection as it has to be submitted and stored in encrypted form. Unfortunately, most existing biometric cryptosystems rely on classical cryptography, so they are insecure in quantum era. This problem is solved in this paper by introducing a novel three-factor biometric quantum identity authentication scheme combining something you know (password), something you produce (client’s voice), and something you are (client’s face image) is proposed. The scheme consists of two phases: client enrollment and client login/authentication. The methodology is to use in the enrollment phase, two layers of quantum encryption for the client’s voice signal. Each layer consists of two simple quantum circuits of SWAP and C-NOT quantum gates respectively using a different pseudorandom key obtained from a cellular automata (CA) pseudorandom generator. The proposed scheme has many merits. Firstly, it introduces a new design of muti-factors quantum biometric authentication scheme as the biometric voice data is processed, transmitted, and stored at the server database in an encrypted unconditionally secure quantum form which provides parallel processing, real-time communications, inherent level of security against attacks, tamper-proof security and exponential powerful storage capability due to the quantum properties. Secondly, the proposed scheme achieves double-layers security by combing quantum voice encryption and quantum secure direct communication in one process such that the quantum channel eavesdropper cannot obtain any valuable information in case of information leakage. Thirdly, the distribution and management of encryption key problem is solved as there is no need for key exchange prior to communication. Fourthly, it achieves high communication efficiency as although it is a three-factor biometric identity authentication, only one biometric data is sent in quantum encrypted form to the server. Fifthly, the numerical simulations showed that the proposed scheme has large key space, high key sensitivity and more robust performance against different types of attacks compared to other existing classical and quantum voice encryption schemes. Finally, as an identity authentication method, the proposed scheme achieves identification accuracy of 100% with zero False Rejection Rate (FRR) and zero False acceptance rate (FAR) which is perfect.
In today’s online environment, a lot of data is created through online transactions and processing, and protecting this data can be difficult. When talking about security and privacy, it takes into account how resistant information and other transaction data is to threats and flaws. Online banking raises three key concerns: user identity, data confidentiality, and the medium or channel over which the information is conveyed. For this reason, the main focus of this study is on the security methods used in online banking that fall within the categories of classical and quantum cryptography in order to combat multiple attacks and problems that may arise when using the service. The study offers a conceptual model for client authentication using the one-time pad (OTP) idea in conjunction with quantum-safe channel technology to boost security and prevent reply attacks. To assess the performance and determine whether the proposed framework operationally feasible, quantum cryptography is being introduced. The performance and speed of financial transaction processing can be increased by combining quantum computing with traditional algorithms for fraud detection. In order to create a safe key exchange with the help of quantum cryptography, the proposed approach takes this into consideration and implements QKD and QRNG.
This paper proposes a novel communication protocol security authentication scheme leveraging the inherent randomness of quantum noise. The core claim is to enhance communication security by exploiting this randomness for key generation, information encryption, and ultimately, secure authentication. The proposed mechanism involves designing a protocol where quantum noise is intentionally introduced during key exchange and transmission, fundamentally disrupting traditional cryptographic attacks reliant on predictable patterns. Statistical analysis of the noise patterns then forms the basis for the authentication process, creating a robust and resilient security layer. The novelty lies in moving beyond traditional cryptographic assumptions and directly utilizing the unpredictable nature of quantum phenomena for security. This approach offers a potential defense against attacks that target vulnerabilities in classical cryptographic systems. The paper details the protocol design, focusing on the mathematical formulation of the key generation, encryption, and authentication processes, highlighting the critical role of noise parameters and statistical analysis.