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Optics Express

Microwave optical limiting via an acoustic field in a diamond mechanical resonator

Mohsen Ghaderi Goran Abad, Mohammad Mahmoudi

Published Jan 16, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the generation and control of the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and optical limiting (OL) at microwave (mw) range in high-Q single-crystal diamond mechanical resonator (DMR) embedded with many nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The strain-induced acoustic modes enable mechanical manipulation of NV centers. On the basis of strain-coupling mechanism, it is shown that the saturable absorption (SA) switches to the RSA by applying the acoustic field, leading to induce the OL in the diamond through the cross-Kerr effect. We demonstrate that the OL characteristics such as, threshold, efficiency, and dynamic range can be controlled by changing either the intensity or frequency of the acoustic field. Moreover, we show that this optical limiter can amplify noiselessly the low intensity of the mw field input to the sensors and also attenuate any gain-induced noise and increase in the intensity of the mw field if it exceeds the intensity threshold. In addition, it is shown that by increasing either the number of NV centers or length of the diamond, the optical limiter can be more efficient. The physical mechanism of the OL establishment is explained using the analytical expressions, which are in good agreement with the numerical results. Our proposed acoustic-induced optical limiter can be a scheme for protecting different optical and electronic devices in mw range, remote sensing, navigation, communications, microwave heating and thermo/laser therapy.

DOI
10.1364/oe.511843

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We investigate the generation and control of the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and optical limiting (OL) at microwave (mw) range in high-Q single-crystal diamond mechanical resonator (DMR) embedded with many nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The strain-induced acoustic modes enable mechanical manipulation of NV centers. On the basis of strain-coupling mechanism, it is shown that the saturable absorption (SA) switches to the RSA by applying the acoustic field, leading to induce the OL in the diamond through the cross-Kerr effect. We demonstrate that the OL characteristics such as, threshold, efficiency, and dynamic range can be controlled by changing either the intensity or frequency of the acoustic field. Moreover, we show that this optical limiter can amplify noiselessly the low intensity of the mw field input to the sensors and also attenuate any gain-induced noise and increase in the intensity of the mw field if it exceeds the intensity threshold. In addition, it is shown that by increasing either the number of NV centers or length of the diamond, the optical limiter can be more efficient. The physical mechanism of the OL establishment is explained using the analytical expressions, which are in good agreement with the numerical results. Our proposed acoustic-induced optical limiter can be a scheme for protecting different optical and electronic devices in mw range, remote sensing, navigation, communications, microwave heating and thermo/laser therapy.
We study the generation and control of the microwave (MW)-induced reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and optical limiting (OL) in a three-level pump-probe V-type quantum system. It is shown that the saturable absorption switches to the RSA by applying the MW field to the transition between two upper levels. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the RSA and the induced OL threshold are controlled by either the intensity or detuning of the MW field. In addition, the effect of the coupling field on the induced optical limiting is studied, and it is obtained that the cross-Kerr nonlinearity has a major role in establishing efficient optical power limiting. In addition, we demonstrate that an increase in the atomic density and length of the medium makes the optical limiter more powerful. Finally, the theoretical Z-scan technique is presented to confirm the obtained results of the microwave-induced OL. The proposed scheme can be used to prepare a controllable optical limiter with various thresholds, which can protect the optical devices with different sensitivities.
We study the nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (MOR) of a linearly polarized microwave probe field passing through many nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers embedded in a high-Q single-crystal diamond mechanical resonator. On the basis of the strain-mediated coupling mechanism, we establish a three-level closed-loop system in the ground states of the NV center in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is shown that by applying an acoustic field, the birefringence is induced in the system through the cross-Kerr effect, so that the probe field is transmitted with a high intensity and rotated polarization plane by 90 degrees. In addition, we demonstrate that the acoustic field has a major role in enhancing the MOR angle to 90 degrees. Moreover, it is shown that the MOR angle of the polarization plane after passing through the presented system is sensitive to the relative phase of the applied fields. The physical mechanism of the MOR enhancement is explained using the analytical expressions which are in good agreement with the numerical results. The presented scheme can be used as a polarization converter for efficient switching TE/TM modes in optical communication, the depolarization backscattering lidar, polarization spectroscopy and precision measurements.
We investigate the optical properties of a crystal of molecular magnets within the microwave frequency range. It is shown that in the presence of a static magnetic field and applying a coupling laser field in the microwave region, reverse saturable absorption in the microwave domain can be induced in molecular magnets. Notably, the intensity and detuning of the coupling laser field are shown to exert significant control over electromagnetically induced optical limiting (OL). Thus, the OL behavior can safeguard the active sensors in seekers against the saturation as they approach microwave sources. What we believe to be a novel optical limiting phenomenon is introduced, wherein the crystal amplifies noiselessly weak input microwave fields in the linear region of the optical limiter while attenuating intense input fields. Consequently, these findings suggest the potential for actively controlling radars or seekers by exploiting a gain-assisted optical limiter to detect microwave sources with weak signals. The static magnetic field, acting as a pivotal parameter, significantly influences the attainment of OL performance across a broad spectrum of microwave frequencies. We anticipate that the outcomes of this investigation could be applied in microwave photonics to enhance the ranging capabilities of missile seekers or radars via the identification of weak signal targets. Additionally, the research highlights the protective capabilities of microwave sensors against high-power microwave signals. Finally, the open aperture Z-scan technique is employed to confirm the induced gain-assisted optical limiting behavior in molecular magnets.
We investigate the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and optical limiting (OL) in a three-level V-type quantum system considering the effect of the spontaneously generated coherence (SGC). It is shown that in the absence of the SGC effect, the saturable absorption (SA) is dominant in the system. By taking into account the SGC effect, we prove that the SA dramatically switches to the RSA. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the OL threshold and OL efficiency can be controlled by the SGC effect. In addition, we show that the applied field properties such as detuning can modify the SGC-induced optical limiter efficiency. It is also shown an increase in the atomic density and length of the medium makes the optical limiter more efficient. The analytical calculation shows that the Kerr nonlinearity caused by the SGC effect is the main mechanism of the system evolution. Finally, the theoretical Z-scan experiment is presented to confirm the obtained results. Our proposed scheme can be useful to design controllable atomic optical limiters for optical devices with different sensitivities.
We propose a scheme to generate macroscopic Schrödinger cat state (SCS) in diamond mechanical resonator (DMR) via the dynamical strain-mediated coupling mechanism. In our model, the direct coupling between the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center and lattice strain field enables coherent spin-phonon interactions in the quantum regime. Based on a cyclic Δ-type transition structure of the NV center constructed by combining the quantized mechanical strain field and a pair of external microwave fields, the populations of the different energy levels can be selectively transferred by controlling microwave fields, and the SCS can be created by adjusting the controllable parameters of the system. Furthermore, we demonstrate the nonclassicality of the mechanical SCS both in non-dissipative case and dissipative case. The experimental feasibility and challenge are justified using currently available technology.
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.