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Optics Express

Generalized sub-Poissonian states of two-beam fields

Jan Peřina, Kishore Thapliyal, Ondřej Haderka, Václav Michálek, Radek Machulka

Published Dec 12, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two-beam states obtained by partial photon-number-resolving detection in one beam of a multi-mode twin beam are experimentally investigated using an intensified CCD camera. In these states, sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions in one beam are accompanied by sub-shot-noise fluctuations in the photon-number difference of both beams. Multi-mode character of the twin beam implying the beam nearly Poissonian statistics is critical for reaching sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions, which contrasts with the use of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state. Relative intensities of both nonclassical effects as they depend on the generation conditions are investigated both theoretically and experimentally using photon-number distributions of these fields. Fano factor, noise-reduction parameter, local and global nonclassicality depths, degree of photon-number coherence, mutual entropy as a non-Gaussianity quantifier, and negative quasi-distributions of integrated intensities are used to characterize these fields. Spatial photon-pair correlations as means for improving the field properties are employed. These states are appealing for quantum metrology and imaging including the virtual-state entangled-photon spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1364/oe.511065

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Two-beam states obtained by partial photon-number-resolving detection in one beam of a multi-mode twin beam are experimentally investigated using an intensified CCD camera. In these states, sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions in one beam are accompanied by sub-shot-noise fluctuations in the photon-number difference of both beams. Multi-mode character of the twin beam implying the beam nearly Poissonian statistics is critical for reaching sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions, which contrasts with the use of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state. Relative intensities of both nonclassical effects as they depend on the generation conditions are investigated both theoretically and experimentally using photon-number distributions of these fields. Fano factor, noise-reduction parameter, local and global nonclassicality depths, degree of photon-number coherence, mutual entropy as a non-Gaussianity quantifier, and negative quasi-distributions of integrated intensities are used to characterize these fields. Spatial photon-pair correlations as means for improving the field properties are employed. These states are appealing for quantum metrology and imaging including the virtual-state entangled-photon spectroscopy.
Using the method of photon addition into both beams of a multi-mode twin beam, a new kind of highly nonclassical states is obtained. As these states exhibit tight photon-number cross-correlations and are endowed with marginal sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions, we suggest to call them sub-Poissonian twin beams. We reveal their properties in the model as well as experimentally using mesoscopic twin beams. An intensified CCD camera as a photon-number resolving detector is applied to prepare as well as characterize the states with up to three photons added into each beam and containing from 2.8 to 7.5 photons in average in each beam. Their nonclassicality as well as non-Gaussianity are determined to demonstrate their prominent features. Spatial correlations of photons in the beams are exploited to improve the properties of the generated states. The beams are promising as the quantum light source for virtual-state entangled-photon spectroscopy. Their properties are prospective for monitoring and manipulating two-photon light–matter interactions.
Two twin beams with a shared signal beam and separated idler beams are used together with the photon-number-resolving postselection in the signal beam to arrive at two coupled beams with anticorrelations in photon-number fluctuations. Moreover, the beams exhibit the sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics in their marginal distributions under suitable conditions. The postselected fields with the increasing mean photon numbers are reconstructed from the experimental photocount histograms by the maximum likelihood approach. Also a suitable Gaussian fit of both original twin beams and simulation of the postselection process are applied to arrive at the corresponding photon-number distributions. Their nonclassical properties are analyzed by suitable nonclassicality criteria and quantified by the corresponding nonclassicality depths. Determining the appropriate quasidistributions of integrated intensities with negative values, the performance of different non-classicality criteria is judged. Properties of the postselected fields reached both by the used and ideal photon-number-resolved detectors are mutually compared.
States obtained from multimode twin beams by symmetric as well as asymmetric photon subtraction are experimentally investigated. Using the joint photocount distributions measured by an intensified CCD camera, their joint photon-number distributions are reconstructed. Mean photon numbers, Fano factors, and noise-reduction parameters are determined for the group of states reached by subtracting up to four photocounts in each beam. Photon subtraction is monitored using the nonclassicality depths and joint quasidistributions of integrated intensities of the emerging states. The non-Gaussianity of the obtained states is also determined. The states reached by coherent photon subtraction are also analyzed. The investigations represent an important step towards the use of photon-subtracted twin beams in sub-shot-noise metrology and imaging. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Multiple photon addition and subtraction applied to multi-mode thermal and sub-Poissonian fields as well as twin beams are mutually compared using one experimental setup. Twin beams (TWBs) with tight spatial correlations detected by an intensified CCD camera with high spatial resolution are used to prepare the initial fields. Up to three photons are added or subtracted to arrive at the nonclassical and non-Gaussian states. Only the photon-subtracted thermal states (TSs) remain classical. In general, the experimental photon-added states exhibit greater nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity than the comparable photon-subtracted states. Once photons are added or subtracted in twin beams, both processes result in comparable properties of the obtained states owing to twin-beam photon pairing.
Compound beams composed of simple experimental blocks (detected in simultaneous detection windows) that form specific quantum-correlated structures are suggested for simulating the properties of different quantum operations used for creating highly nonclassical and entangled multi-mode states needed in quantum communication, metrology, and information protocols. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of multi-photon addition and subtraction in compound multi-mode thermal as well as sub-Poissonian beams and multi-mode twin beams with their intensities extending over two orders in magnitude is provided. Adding and subtracting up to twenty photocounts, optimal conditions for the generation of experimental nonclassical states are identified. In general, photon addition is identified as advantageous over photon subtraction for the multi-mode thermal and sub-Poissonian beams: It induces (enhances) the nonclassicality in the former (latter) state. Contrary to this, photon subtraction outperforms photon addition in the multi-mode twin beams. Moreover, exploiting temporal photon-pair correlations in compound twin beams when post-selecting, nearly ideal experimental photon(s) addition is demonstrated. The results apply for the beams with mean photon number per mode much less than one.