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Physical Review Research

Experimental characterization of multimode photon-subtracted twin beams

Kishore Thapliyal, Jan Peřina, Ondřej Haderka, Václav Michálek, Radek Machulka

Published Jan 17, 2024• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

States obtained from multimode twin beams by symmetric as well as asymmetric photon subtraction are experimentally investigated. Using the joint photocount distributions measured by an intensified CCD camera, their joint photon-number distributions are reconstructed. Mean photon numbers, Fano factors, and noise-reduction parameters are determined for the group of states reached by subtracting up to four photocounts in each beam. Photon subtraction is monitored using the nonclassicality depths and joint quasidistributions of integrated intensities of the emerging states. The non-Gaussianity of the obtained states is also determined. The states reached by coherent photon subtraction are also analyzed. The investigations represent an important step towards the use of photon-subtracted twin beams in sub-shot-noise metrology and imaging. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013065

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States obtained from multimode twin beams by symmetric as well as asymmetric photon subtraction are experimentally investigated. Using the joint photocount distributions measured by an intensified CCD camera, their joint photon-number distributions are reconstructed. Mean photon numbers, Fano factors, and noise-reduction parameters are determined for the group of states reached by subtracting up to four photocounts in each beam. Photon subtraction is monitored using the nonclassicality depths and joint quasidistributions of integrated intensities of the emerging states. The non-Gaussianity of the obtained states is also determined. The states reached by coherent photon subtraction are also analyzed. The investigations represent an important step towards the use of photon-subtracted twin beams in sub-shot-noise metrology and imaging. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Gradual loss of the entanglement of a twin beam containing around 25 photon pairs with the increasing external noise is experimentally investigated. The entanglement is quantified by the nonclassicality depths and the nonclassicality counting parameters related to several nonclassicality criteria. The reduction of intensity moments of the analyzed multimode twin beams to single-mode ones allows determination of the negativity as another quantifier of the entanglement. Both the raw photocount histograms and the reconstructed photon-number distributions are analyzed in parallel.
Two-beam states obtained by partial photon-number-resolving detection in one beam of a multi-mode twin beam are experimentally investigated using an intensified CCD camera. In these states, sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions in one beam are accompanied by sub-shot-noise fluctuations in the photon-number difference of both beams. Multi-mode character of the twin beam implying the beam nearly Poissonian statistics is critical for reaching sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions, which contrasts with the use of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state. Relative intensities of both nonclassical effects as they depend on the generation conditions are investigated both theoretically and experimentally using photon-number distributions of these fields. Fano factor, noise-reduction parameter, local and global nonclassicality depths, degree of photon-number coherence, mutual entropy as a non-Gaussianity quantifier, and negative quasi-distributions of integrated intensities are used to characterize these fields. Spatial photon-pair correlations as means for improving the field properties are employed. These states are appealing for quantum metrology and imaging including the virtual-state entangled-photon spectroscopy.
Using the method of photon addition into both beams of a multi-mode twin beam, a new kind of highly nonclassical states is obtained. As these states exhibit tight photon-number cross-correlations and are endowed with marginal sub-Poissonian photon-number distributions, we suggest to call them sub-Poissonian twin beams. We reveal their properties in the model as well as experimentally using mesoscopic twin beams. An intensified CCD camera as a photon-number resolving detector is applied to prepare as well as characterize the states with up to three photons added into each beam and containing from 2.8 to 7.5 photons in average in each beam. Their nonclassicality as well as non-Gaussianity are determined to demonstrate their prominent features. Spatial correlations of photons in the beams are exploited to improve the properties of the generated states. The beams are promising as the quantum light source for virtual-state entangled-photon spectroscopy. Their properties are prospective for monitoring and manipulating two-photon light–matter interactions.
Multiple photon addition and subtraction applied to multi-mode thermal and sub-Poissonian fields as well as twin beams are mutually compared using one experimental setup. Twin beams (TWBs) with tight spatial correlations detected by an intensified CCD camera with high spatial resolution are used to prepare the initial fields. Up to three photons are added or subtracted to arrive at the nonclassical and non-Gaussian states. Only the photon-subtracted thermal states (TSs) remain classical. In general, the experimental photon-added states exhibit greater nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity than the comparable photon-subtracted states. Once photons are added or subtracted in twin beams, both processes result in comparable properties of the obtained states owing to twin-beam photon pairing.
States with sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics obtained by post-selection from twin beams are experimentally generated. States with Fano factors down to 0.62 and mean photon numbers around 12 are reached. Their quasi-distributions of integrated intensities attaining negative values are reconstructed. An intensified CCD camera with a quantum detection efficiency exceeding 20% is utilized both for post-selection and beam characterization. Experimental results are compared with theory that provides the optimum experimental conditions.