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Frontiers in Optics

Spontaneous emission from correlated emitters

Offek Tziperman, Gefen Baranes, Alexey A. Gorlach, Ron Ruimy, Michael Faran, Nir Gutman, Andrea Pizzi, Ido E. Kaminer

Published Jan 1, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We find the quantum state of light emitted from a many-body system of entangled emitters, presenting examples for cavity and waveguide QED. Squeezed and Schrodinger-cat states can be created by controlling emitter locations and interactions.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2023.jtu5a.81

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Collective spontaneous emission occurs when multiple quantum emitters decay into common radiation modes, resulting in enhanced or suppressed emission. Here, we find the quantum state of light collectively emitted from emitters exhibiting quantum correlations. We unveil under what conditions the quantum correlations are not lost during the emission but are instead transferred to the output light. Under these conditions, the inherent nonlinearity of the emitters can be tailored to create desired photonic states in the form of traveling single-mode pulses, such as Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill and Schrödinger-cat states, that are useful for error correction in quantum computation. To facilitate such predictions, our work reveals the multimode nature of collective spontaneous emission, capturing the role of the emitters' positions, losses, interactions, and beyond-Markov dynamics on the emitted quantum state of light. We present manifestations of these effects in different physical systems, with examples of cavity QED, waveguide QED, and atomic arrays with up to a few dozen emitters. Our findings suggest paths for creating and manipulating multiphoton quantum light for bosonic codes in continuous-variable-based quantum computation, communications, and sensing.
Quadratic light-matter interactions are nonlinear couplings such that quantum emitters interact with photonic or phononic modes exclusively via the exchange of excitation pairs.Implementable with atomic and solid-state systems, these couplings lead to a plethora of phenomena that have been characterized in the context of cavity QED, where quantum emitters interact with localized bosonic modes.Here, we explore quadratic interactions in a waveguide QED setting, where quantum emitters interact with propagating fields confined in a one-dimensional environment.We develop a general scattering theory under the Markov approximation and discuss paradigmatic examples for spontaneous emission and scattering of biphoton states.Our analytical and semianalytical results unveil fundamental differences with respect to conventional waveguide QED systems, such as the spontaneous emission frequency-entangled photon pairs or the full transparency of the emitter to single-photon inputs.This unlocks new opportunities in quantum information processing with propagating photons.As a striking example, we show that a single quadratically coupled emitter can implement a two-photon logic gate with unit fidelity, circumventing a no-go theorem derived for conventional waveguide-QED interactions.
Josephson circuits provide a realistic physical setup where the light–matter fine structure constant can become of order one, allowing to reach a regime dominated by non-perturbative effects beyond standard quantum optics. Simple processes, such as spontaneous emission, thus acquire a many-body character, that can be tackled using a new description of the time-dependent state vector in terms of quantum-superposed coherent states. We find that spontaneous atomic decay at ultrastrong coupling leads to the emission of spectrally broad Schrödinger cats rather than of monochromatic single photons. These cats states remain partially entangled with the emitter at intermediate stages of the dynamics, even after emission, due to a large separation in time scales between fast energy relaxation and exponentially slow decoherence. Once decoherence of the qubit is finally established, quantum information is completely transfered to the state of the emitted cat.