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Diamond and Related Materials

Enhancing fluorescence of diamond NV− centers for quantum sensing: A multi-layer optical antireflection coating

Zhiying Song, Heng Yuan, Pengcheng Fan, Mingxin Li, Jihongbo Shen, Sixian Wang, Guodong Bian

Published Nov 13, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110584

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The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) center in diamond is a promising platform for quantum sensing. However, fluorescence from the NV− centers suffers large energy loss at the diamond–air interface. Here, we propose a broadband antireflection coating to enhance the fluorescence intensity by simultaneously reducing the energy loss of the excitation laser and the fluorescence. The reflectance for normal-incidence light decreases from nearly 17% for bared diamond to below 0.33% for coated diamond in the wavelength range 500 nm–800 nm. The reflectance averaged over the fluorescence bandwidth is below 3% for angles of incidence less than 20°. The measured emitted fluorescence for the coated diamond is 1.44 times that of uncoated diamond, corresponding to nearly 20% improvement in the measurement sensitivity. The proposed method is significant for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of NV−-based sensors.
Quantum sensing has become a rapidly growing research within the area of sensor, which can break through the limits of traditional physical sensing and make sensing accuracy to the nanometer scale. Meanwhile nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in bulk diamond as a sensor has varieties of applications because of its excellent characteristics. However, there are large optical reflection and low fluorescence collection efficiency at the diamond-air interface because of the large refractive index gap between diamond and air, thereby reducing the sensing sensitivity. In this work, we report a multi-layer anti-reflection coating and fabrication on the surface of diamond with genetic algorithm to solve optimization value of the average reflectance Rave in the wavelength range of 600-800 nm. And we fabricate SiO2-Si3N4double-layer anti-reflection coating on diamond substrate by plasma chemical vapor deposition. Experiment results show that with an anti-reflection coating, the fluorescence collection efficiency is significantly improved, and the average transmittance in the wavelength range of 600-800 nm is increased from 82.8% to 96.7%.
We realize anti-reflection (AR) coatings for optical excitation and fluorescence measurements of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in bulk diamond by depositing quarter-wavelength thick silica layers on the diamond surface. These AR coatings improve NV-diamond optical measurements by reducing optical reflection at the diamond-air interface from ≈17% to ≈2%, which allows more effective NV optical excitation and more efficient detection of NV fluorescence. We also show that diamond AR coatings eliminate standing-wave interference patterns of excitation laser intensity within bulk diamond, and thereby greatly reduce spatial variations in NV fluorescence, which can degrade spatially resolved magnetic field sensing using NV centers.