Sensitivity of atom based on slow light propagation and rotary photon drag: an efficient and secure model for quantum-based sensors in Internet of Things
Syed Sajid Ullah, Aizaz Khan, Saddam Hussain, Majed Alsafyani, Roobaea Alroobaea, Sultan Abdullah Algarni
Abstract Quantum technology has the potential to revolutionize sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). Efficient and secure data transfer among sensors and IoT devices is a major challenge. To address this, the manuscript presents coherent manipulation of the scattering cross section and its sensitivity based on subluminal propagation and rotary photon drag, using an atomic medium with two levels coupled with a cavity. The group index of the proposed atomic medium is measured in the range of $$-0.1\le n_g\le 150$$ - 0.1 ≤ n g ≤ 150 and group velocity in the range of $$2\times 10^6$$ 2 × 10 6 $$m/s\le v_g\le \pm 2\times 10^9$$ m / s ≤ v g ≤ ± 2 × 10 9 m/s. The maximum delay time is reported to $$t_g=0.3$$ t g = 0.3 $$\mu s$$ μ s and rotary photon drag to $$\theta _d=\pm 5$$ θ d = ± 5 micro radian. This effect of photon drag is used in sensing, energy harvesting, and optical switching in IoT. The scattering cross-section of $$0.1\times 10^{21}$$ 0.1 × 10 21 $$m^2$$ m 2 is reported. The scattering cross-section impacts the efficiency and reliability of quantum-based communication for IoT. The maximum cross-sectional sensitivity is measured to $$S_\sigma =0.4\times 10^{-19}m^2/n_r$$ S σ = 0.4 × 10 - 19 m 2 / n r . The cross-sectional sensitivity potentially impacts secure communication and highly precise detection in sensors and IoT.
Abstract Quantum technology has the potential to revolutionize sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). Efficient and secure data transfer among sensors and IoT devices is a major challenge. To address this, the manuscript presents coherent manipulation of the scattering cross section and its sensitivity based on subluminal propagation and rotary photon drag, using an atomic medium with two levels coupled with a cavity. The group index of the proposed atomic medium is measured in the range of −0.1≤ng≤150 - 0.1 ≤ n g ≤ 150 and group velocity in the range of 2×106 2 × 10 6 m/s≤vg≤±2×109 m / s ≤ v g ≤ ± 2 × 10 9 m/s. The maximum delay time is reported to tg=0.3 t g = 0.3 μs μ s and rotary photon drag to θd=±5 θ d = ± 5 micro radian. This effect of photon drag is used in sensing, energy harvesting, and optical switching in IoT. The scattering cross-section of 0.1×1021 0.1 × 10 21 m2 m 2 is reported. The scattering cross-section impacts the efficiency and reliability of quantum-based communication for IoT. The maximum cross-sectional sensitivity is measured to Sσ=0.4×10−19m2/nr S σ = 0.4 × 10 - 19 m 2 / n r . The cross-sectional sensitivity potentially impacts secure communication and highly precise detection in sensors and IoT.
Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is transitioning towards Quantum Computing soon, relying on electromagnetic waves for data transfer within circuits and between IoT devices. This paper introduces a four-level atomic medium controlled by electromagnetic fields to manipulate the speed of light, resulting in subluminal and superluminal information transfer for IoT. Subluminal propagation transmits data at an average rate, while superluminal propagation transfers data faster than conventional methods. The differentiation between these two modes of propagation is determined by the sign of the group index, which is positive for subluminal and negative for superluminal. Our proposed model reports a maximum positive and negative group index of ± 5000. This modified group velocity to become vg=±c/5000 v g = ± c / 5000 enhances IoT information transferring in quantum-based communication. The group delay time is measured to td=±10μs t d = ± 10 μ s in the medium, which increases the capacity for IoT information storage. The maximum value of normal and anomalous phase shift is reported to Φ=±20000 Φ = ± 20000 radians at 60cm 60 c m lengths of the medium; this effect is used to divide information in sub-set that protect IoT information from different types of attacks and losses.
The need for next-generation sensing systems that are ultra-highly sensitive, have short reaction times, and have lower power demands has swelled with the explosive development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Existing sensors are increasingly constrained by the nature of their performance, in terms of accuracy, sensitivity to noise, and level of security in large-scale IoT applications. Quantum sensors provide high accuracy to measurement on quantities previously thought to be unmeasurable, such as temperature, magnetic fields, gravitational effects, movement, and biochemical markers, using quantum phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling. This chapter covers four major concepts: difficulties in hardware integration, difficulties in scalability, state-of-the-art information fusion structures, and specialized security issues in quantum-assisted quantum sensing in a networked setting. Regarding this research work, the quantum sensing technology will, as a rule, be an extremely useful enabler of the next generation of IoT systems, which must provide proper measurements, safety, and high levels of security.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as an innovative framework, connecting physical devices into intricate networks that monitor and control various aspects of daily life. While traditional technologies such as big data analytics and cloud computing have driven the growth of IoT, the emergence of quantum technologies, spanning quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing, presents unprecedented opportunities to enhance IoT systems. This paper explores the realistic potential and challenges of integrating quantum technologies into IoT, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of what quantum technologies can achieve to bridge the gap between promise and practical application. By fostering collaboration between disciplines, quantum technologies can shape the future of IoT, improving its security, efficiency, and precision.
Evolution of internet had connected millions of devices across the globe, including smart gadgets for home uses like Smart TV, thermostat, and CCTV camera, etc. It had made the entire human community connected and access gadgets from every corner of the world through cloud infrastructure. An increase in Internet of Things (IoT) devices leads to a decrease in computational performance during machine interaction while computing and makes the IoT framework as a failure model. Other biggest challenges faced by the IoT devices are privacy and security of personal information due to adversary attack during device communication. The current safety measures like frequent password change, updating IoT devices regularly, secondary network usage Virtual Private Network (VPN), and avoiding plug and play features can be reliable up to a certain threshold but can't guarantee 100% security. The public key cryptography algorithm (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman [RSA]) that is considered to be a safe algorithm in the current era is in threat due to the invention of new technology. One-time pad (OTP) is considered an efficient encryption technique in secure communication in classical cryptography but lags in distributing the key between parties. The trade-off between increasing IoT devices and classical security measures is unbalanced, so required new technology to solve the problem. Development of cutting-edge technology, known as quantum computing, will be helpful in providing a sustainable solution for computational speed during machine communication and solving security issues in millions of IoT devices. Quantum technology work based on the principle of quantum physics works differently from current technology, which depends on classical physics. The classical cryptography works based on bits, which is predictable in nature, can be easily hacked but quantum uses qubits, which is superposition of 0 and 1. The measurement of unknown qubit that gives 1/2 probabilities to measure either in bit “0” or bit “1” makes difficult to predict the data. Grover's algorithm helps to search an unsorted database in O( https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> √ n https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003268796/ff7c0afb-bead-450a-a822-68dbcc013133/content/math16_1.tif" xmlns:xlink=" https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink "/> ) as it takes O(n) in classical algorithm and Shor's algorithm in quantum computing, solving the factoring a large number in polynomial time as it takes exponential time by classical model. Heisenberg principles and no-cloning theorem are the properties of quantum mechanics and will solve the privacy issue and provide high-level security by identifying the involvement of unauthorized user in current communication. The uncertainty principle given by Heisenberg states that it's impossible to measure the unknown quantum states without disturbing it, which leads to identification of involvement of third party in it. Another quantum property is no-cloning theorem that means it's difficult to make the duplicate of the unknown states. So it's impossible for an adversary to clone the quantum state in order to snoop the quantum information in secure communication. Another variant of communication in quantum computing in entanglement where a third party will generate an entangled photon and send qubit to communicating parties. Measurement of qubit by one party will correlated with the measurement of other party which leads to generation of secure key. Quantum communications have various phases like quantum state preparation, state transmission, and state measurement which are entirely different from classical communication. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a two-way communications where two parties will transfer information directly in secure manner without the key. Another way is transferring the secure key between user using quantum key distribution (QKD) and OTP used to secretly share the information between them using ciphertext. Quantum and classical security approach should be joined together to obtain high-level security for the IoT security framework.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things devices (IoT) across healthcare, smart homes, transportation, and industrial automation has led to an unprecedented exchange of sensitive data over wireless channels, exposing these networks to cyberattacks, eavesdropping, and unauthorized access.Conventional cryptographic techniques, which rely on computational hardness assumptions, are increasingly vulnerable to the emerging capabilities of quantum computing.This paper explores the application of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) as a means of enabling secure and dependable data communication for IoT devices.By exploiting the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, QKD allows two communicating parties to generate a shared secret key while inherently detecting any attempt at interception.The proposed approach aims to enhance data privacy, ensure secure authentication, preserve confidentiality, and safeguard IoT systems against present and future quantum enabled threats.The integration of quantum based security techniques into existing IoT infrastructure is examined, along with its implications for improving the reliability and trustworthiness of wireless IoT communication systems.This work positions Quantum Enhanced Secure Data Communication as a forward looking security solution for next generation IoT networks.
The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture (AgriIoT) networks are changing the way farming is being conducted by the means of precision sensors, UAVs, and automated control. However, these systems are subjected to security risks in terms of eavesdropping, spoofing, and tampering of data by the distributed wireless architecture. Classical cryptographic tools, which are useful over a short period of time, can be compromised by quantum adversaries. To address these risks, we investigate quantum photonic approaches for secure data transmission in smart agricultural IoT networks. Based on the advances in blockchain-controlled trust schemes, self-powered IoT, and sustainable hydroponics surveillance schemes, we introduce a hybrid design that combines quantum key distribution (QKD) with the photonic channels and consensus-based access control. Photonic technologies used to date in agronomy in sensor and control technologies are already being applied to secure communication. Findings indicate that there are better-secure key generation with channel noise, low chances of leakage, and protection against future quantum attacks. The publication is an outline to the next generation Agri-IoT systems in which quantum photonics will guarantee confidentiality, authenticity, and sustainability.