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Optical and Quantum Electronics

Manipulation speed of light and giant phase shifting: a new quantum-based model for improving efficiency and security of internet of things

Fazal Karim, Muhammad Haneef, Syed Sajid Ullah, Majed Alsafyani, Roobaea Alroobaea, Sultan Abdullah Algarni, Saddam Hussain

Published Jun 30, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is transitioning towards Quantum Computing soon, relying on electromagnetic waves for data transfer within circuits and between IoT devices. This paper introduces a four-level atomic medium controlled by electromagnetic fields to manipulate the speed of light, resulting in subluminal and superluminal information transfer for IoT. Subluminal propagation transmits data at an average rate, while superluminal propagation transfers data faster than conventional methods. The differentiation between these two modes of propagation is determined by the sign of the group index, which is positive for subluminal and negative for superluminal. Our proposed model reports a maximum positive and negative group index of ± 5000. This modified group velocity to become $${v}_{g}=\pm \,c/5000$$ v g = ± c / 5000 enhances IoT information transferring in quantum-based communication. The group delay time is measured to $${t}_{d}=\pm 10 \mu s$$ t d = ± 10 μ s in the medium, which increases the capacity for IoT information storage. The maximum value of normal and anomalous phase shift is reported to $$\Phi =\pm \, 20000$$ Φ = ± 20000 radians at $$60 cm$$ 60 c m lengths of the medium; this effect is used to divide information in sub-set that protect IoT information from different types of attacks and losses.

DOI
10.1007/s11082-023-05074-3

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We manipulated and adjusted the absorption, dispersion, group index, and group velocity in a sodium atomic medium by controlling the strength and collective phase of the driving fields. The group index in these regions is calculated to be [Formula: see text]250,000. The group velocity [Formula: see text] in these locations is measured to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/s. An investigation is conducted on a negative delay of [Formula: see text]s in the sodium medium. The presence of negative delay and negative group velocity indicates the occurrence of superluminal propagation of light pulses within the medium. The negative group index is increased from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], and the negative delay time is increased from [Formula: see text]s to [Formula: see text]s, with the driving field [Formula: see text] having a Rabi frequency. The work presented in this paper has substantial implications for the fields of gravitational wave detection, radar technology, and temporal cloaks.

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Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is transitioning towards Quantum Computing soon, relying on electromagnetic waves for data transfer within circuits and between IoT devices. This paper introduces a four-level atomic medium controlled by electromagnetic fields to manipulate the speed of light, resulting in subluminal and superluminal information transfer for IoT. Subluminal propagation transmits data at an average rate, while superluminal propagation transfers data faster than conventional methods. The differentiation between these two modes of propagation is determined by the sign of the group index, which is positive for subluminal and negative for superluminal. Our proposed model reports a maximum positive and negative group index of ± 5000. This modified group velocity to become vg=± c/5000{v}_{g}=\pm \,c/5000vg​=±c/5000 v g = ± c / 5000 enhances IoT information transferring in quantum-based communication. The group delay time is measured to td=±10μs{t}_{d}=\pm 10 \mu std​=±10μs t d = ± 10 μ s in the medium, which increases the capacity for IoT information storage. The maximum value of normal and anomalous phase shift is reported to Φ=± 20000\Phi =\pm \, 20000Φ=±20000 Φ = ± 20000 radians at 60cm60 cm60cm 60 c m lengths of the medium; this effect is used to divide information in sub-set that protect IoT information from different types of attacks and losses.
Abstract Quantum technology has the potential to revolutionize sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). Efficient and secure data transfer among sensors and IoT devices is a major challenge. To address this, the manuscript presents coherent manipulation of the scattering cross section and its sensitivity based on subluminal propagation and rotary photon drag, using an atomic medium with two levels coupled with a cavity. The group index of the proposed atomic medium is measured in the range of −0.1≤ng≤150-0.1\le n_g\le 150−0.1≤ng​≤150 - 0.1 ≤ n g ≤ 150 and group velocity in the range of 2×1062\times 10^62×106 2 × 10 6 m/s≤vg≤±2×109m/s\le v_g\le \pm 2\times 10^9m/s≤vg​≤±2×109 m / s ≤ v g ≤ ± 2 × 10 9 m/s. The maximum delay time is reported to tg=0.3t_g=0.3tg​=0.3 t g = 0.3 μs\mu sμs μ s and rotary photon drag to θd=±5\theta _d=\pm 5θd​=±5 θ d = ± 5 micro radian. This effect of photon drag is used in sensing, energy harvesting, and optical switching in IoT. The scattering cross-section of 0.1×10210.1\times 10^{21}0.1×1021 0.1 × 10 21 m2m^2m2 m 2 is reported. The scattering cross-section impacts the efficiency and reliability of quantum-based communication for IoT. The maximum cross-sectional sensitivity is measured to Sσ=0.4×10−19m2/nrS_\sigma =0.4\times 10^{-19}m^2/n_rSσ​=0.4×10−19m2/nr​ S σ = 0.4 × 10 - 19 m 2 / n r . The cross-sectional sensitivity potentially impacts secure communication and highly precise detection in sensors and IoT.
Abstract Light-matter interaction between a light field and an atomic medium could be used to manipulate the medium’s dispersive properties, leading to subluminal and superluminal regimes. Utilizing the same idea, this work investigates the propagation of structured superluminal light and anomalous phase shifts in a Λ- type three-level atomic medium, where a structured control field governs the atomic system. The absorption and dispersion properties are modulated by the azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) of the control field. The maxima and minima of the absorption spectrum, along with the corresponding normal and anomalous dispersion peaks, are enhanced with a (2ℓ) dependence on the azimuthal quantum number in the medium. The negative group index and anomalous phase shift vary within the ranges −1000 ≤ ng ≤ −900 and −6.5 × 10 5 ≤ ϕ ≤ −5.6 × 10 5 rad, respectively. The corresponding group velocity lies in the range −3.33 × 10 5 ≤ vg ≤ −3.0 × 10 5 m/s within the spatial region −2λ ≤ x, y ≤ 2λ. Furthermore, the anomalous phase shift is significantly enhanced in regions exhibiting superluminal behavior, following the (2ℓ) azimuthal quantum number dependence. The findings of this work may have potential applications in optical storage devices, imaging, coding, and the design of advanced photonic technologies.
Abstract We present a comparative study of the control of group velocity in three-level atomic systems including Λ-, Ladder-, and V-types via spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) and relative phase of laser fields. In the steady regime, expressions of group index are derived as an analytical function of controllable parameters related to SGC and relative phase. It is shown that the group velocity can be further slowed down or speeded up under SGC in which modifications of group velocity due to the SGC in Λ- and V-systems are stronger than that in Ladder-system. In particular, when interference strength of SGC p increases from 0.7 to 1.0, the light propagation is switched from superluminal to subluminal modes (for Λ- and Ladder-systems) or from subluminal to superluminal modes (for V-system). In the presence of relative phase, the group velocity changes between subluminal and superluminal modes with a period of 2π. In resonant region, the largest positive value of group index reaches at the relative phase φ = π while the largest negative value of group index reaches at φ = 0 and 2π for the Λ- and Ladder-systems, otherwise, for the V-system the largest positive group index occurs at φ = 0 and 2π, and the largest negative group index occurs at φ = π .
In a dispersive medium, different monochromatic modes of light have different phase velocities. Under special circumstances, a superposition of these modes results in an interesting effect wherein the group velocity (the velocity at which the peak of the wavepacket propagates) could be greater than c or even negative although the phase velocities of the modes are all less than c . Can this superluminal group velocity be used for information transfer? We show here that the `superluminal' effect is due to a coherent optical wave superposition effect. Whatever the velocity of the `peak', the whole pulse cannot travel with a speed greater than the fastest phase velocity of its component modes. Thus the maximum speed for information transfer, which involves the sending of a finite pulse, cannot be greater than the maximum phase velocity in the medium.
We manipulated and adjusted the absorption, dispersion, group index, and group velocity in a sodium atomic medium by controlling the strength and collective phase of the driving fields. The group index in these regions is calculated to be [Formula: see text]250,000. The group velocity [Formula: see text] in these locations is measured to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/s. An investigation is conducted on a negative delay of [Formula: see text]s in the sodium medium. The presence of negative delay and negative group velocity indicates the occurrence of superluminal propagation of light pulses within the medium. The negative group index is increased from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], and the negative delay time is increased from [Formula: see text]s to [Formula: see text]s, with the driving field [Formula: see text] having a Rabi frequency. The work presented in this paper has substantial implications for the fields of gravitational wave detection, radar technology, and temporal cloaks.
Abstract The manipulation of the group velocity of light is very important in further information processing and quantum network. It is well known that subluminal and superluminal light propagation can be obtained by controlling the dispersion property of the experimental medium. In order to realize the switching from normal dispersion to anomalous dispersion at the same frequency, we investigate the dispersion and absorption properties of a four-level atomic system. By adjusting the intensity of an incoherent pump, we get transparent normal dispersion and lossless anomalous dispersion, which lead to subluminal and superluminal light propagation respectively. For a strong incoherent pump, the intensity of the coherent coupling field also can be used to realize a similar switching effect.