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IEEE Internet of Things Journal

IoT-ID3PAKA: Efficient and Robust ID-3PAKA Protocol for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

Krittibas Parai, Daya Sagar Gupta, SK Hafizul Islam

Published Oct 19, 2023• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that has become popular in many applications, such as transportation, agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, robotics, etc. IoT devices are interconnected via the Internet, and secure message communication between them is a challenging task. An authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocol can solve such an issue. This article designed and implemented an identity-based three-party AKA (IoT-ID3PAKA) protocol to establish a shared session key among three IoT devices. The current state-of-the-art identity-based 3PAKA (ID-3PAKA) protocols are unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT devices because almost all of them undergo various security attacks and require higher execution and communication overheads. The provable security of the proposed IoT-ID3PAKA protocol relies on the hardness assumption of the elliptic curve-based computational Diffie–Hellman problem. The execution time of IoT-ID3PAKA for the security levels: 80, 112, 128, 192, and 256 bits on a Raspberry Pi 4 device is estimated and compared with the existing ID-3PAKA protocols.

DOI
10.1109/jiot.2023.3325583

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that has become popular in many applications, such as transportation, agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, robotics, etc. IoT devices are interconnected via the Internet, and secure message communication between them is a challenging task. An authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocol can solve such an issue. This article designed and implemented an identity-based three-party AKA (IoT-ID3PAKA) protocol to establish a shared session key among three IoT devices. The current state-of-the-art identity-based 3PAKA (ID-3PAKA) protocols are unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT devices because almost all of them undergo various security attacks and require higher execution and communication overheads. The provable security of the proposed IoT-ID3PAKA protocol relies on the hardness assumption of the elliptic curve-based computational Diffie–Hellman problem. The execution time of IoT-ID3PAKA for the security levels: 80, 112, 128, 192, and 256 bits on a Raspberry Pi 4 device is estimated and compared with the existing ID-3PAKA protocols.
With the significant development of the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) has become an emerging technology in many industries. To support security and privacy in the Industrial IoT environment, a user may interact with another user on the Internet to share confidential information, which requires an authenticated communication channel. To meet this demand, in this article the authors developed an identity-based two-party authenticated key agreement (ID-2PAKA) protocol that allows two users to communicate securely and share sensitive data across IoT-enabled regions. Similar protocols found in the literature either proven to be insecure or carry the burden of high communication and computational costs. The proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is analyzed in the random oracle model to achieve provable security based on the hardness assumptions of computational Diffie-Hellman and bilinear Diffie-Hellman problems. The performance analysis of the proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is performed using the pairing-based cryptography library. The comparative results from the perspective of the computation and communication costs against the competing protocols showed that the proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is secure and efficient.
In this modern era, the need for key agreement protocols equipped with high-speed Internet has become necessary in information/network security. An authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocol is a technique that negotiates a secret session key among various users in a network and is used in many scenarios like mutual authentication, data integrity, and many more. The current state-of-the-art include many AKA protocols that are either vulnerable to different attacks or incur massive communication and computational costs. This paper proposes an identity-based three-party authenticated key agreement (ID-3PAKA) protocol using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The proposed ID-3PAKA protocol generates a shared secret session key among three users. The security of the proposed ID-3PAKA protocol relies on the hardness assumption of the ECDLP and the CDH problems. The proposed ID-3PAKA protocol is safe against active and passive attacks, which is proved through the simulation of the OFMC and Cl-AtS back-ends of the AVISPA tool.
Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been increasingly developed. Authenticated key agreement (AKA) plays an essential role in secure communication in IoT applications. Without the PKI certificate and high time-complexity bilinear pairing operations, identity-based AKA (ID-AKA) protocols without pairings are more suitable for protecting the keys in IoT applications. In recent years, many pairing-free ID-AKA protocols have been proposed. Moreover, these protocols have some security flaws or relatively extensive computation and communication efficiency. Focusing on these problems, the security analyses of some recently proposed protocols have been provided first. We then proposed a family of eCK secure ID-AKA protocols without pairings to solve these security problems, which can be applied in IoT applications to guarantee communication security. Meanwhile, the security proofs of these proposed ID-AKA protocols are provided, which show they can hold provable eCK security. Some more efficient instantiations have been provided, which show the efficient performance of these proposed ID-AKA protocols. Moreover, comparisons with similar schemes have shown that these protocols have the least computation and communication efficiency at the same time.
The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has worsened the challenge of maintaining data and user privacy. IoT end devices, often deployed in unsupervised environments and connected to open networks, are susceptible to physical tampering and various other security attacks. Thus, robust, efficient authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocols are essential to protect data privacy during exchanges between end devices and servers. The previous work in "Provably Secure ECC-Based Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement for IoT" proposed a novel AKA scheme for secure IoT environments. They claimed their protocol offers comprehensive security features, guarding against numerous potential flaws while achieving session key security. However, this paper demonstrates through logical and mathematical analyses that the previous work is vulnerable to various attacks. We conducted a security analysis using the extended Canetti and Krawczyk (eCK) model, which is widely employed in security evaluations. This model considers scenarios where an attacker has complete control over the network, including the ability to intercept, modify, and delete messages, while also accounting for the potential exposure of ephemeral private keys. Furthermore, we show that their scheme fails to meet critical security requirements and relies on flawed security assumptions. We prove our findings using the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications, a widely recognized formal verification tool. To strengthen attack resilience, we propose several recommendations for the advancement of more robust and efficient AKA protocols specifically designed for IoT environments.
The immense potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) is challenged by grave security vulnerabilities that are easily exploitable in resource-constrained environments. We propose a lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol to derive a shared session key for each communicating node in amutually communicating cluster of IoT nodes. Each IoT device is embedded with a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF), and a Fuzzy Extractor (FE) is deployed to correct and reproduce the private key and public helper data pair from the possibly erroneous PUF response. This secret raw PUF response is not stored explicitly in the server. A forward-secure authenticated key agreement is achieved by incorporating Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (ECDH) protocol. The security of the proposed scheme has been formally verified while considering both active and passive attackers using the Verifpal tool. A prototype implementation with the Arbiter PUF circuit, FE, and associated software has successfully demonstrated the efficacy of our scheme.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an important technology which permits different devices and machines to interconnect with each other using heterogeneous networks. The integration of numerous techniques is expected to offer extraordinary growth in future and current promising applications of IoT. In these days, the secure communication among interconnected IoT components has become an important issue of concern. Therefore, it has become a foremost need to design such authentication protocol which can make the secure communication among IoT components. In this article, we proposed an identity-based authentication and key agreement protocol for the IoT environment in order to offer the secure communication between various IoT entities. The devised protocol utilizes the physically unclonable function which helps to robustly resist the physical attack on IoT components. We analyze the proposed protocol informally which clearly shows that the proposed protocol offers the perfect forward secrecy, device anonymity and untraceability and also resists the desynchronization, IoT node impersonation and server impersonation attacks. The security features of proposed protocol are also analyzed formally using well known Random Oracle Model (ROM). Moreover, the performance of the devised protocol has also been determined in terms of communication and computational overhead. The performance and security analysis shows the supremacy of the devised protocol over the various related protocols.