Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been increasingly developed. Authenticated key agreement (AKA) plays an essential role in secure communication in IoT applications. Without the PKI certificate and high time-complexity bilinear pairing operations, identity-based AKA (ID-AKA) protocols without pairings are more suitable for protecting the keys in IoT applications. In recent years, many pairing-free ID-AKA protocols have been proposed. Moreover, these protocols have some security flaws or relatively extensive computation and communication efficiency. Focusing on these problems, the security analyses of some recently proposed protocols have been provided first. We then proposed a family of eCK secure ID-AKA protocols without pairings to solve these security problems, which can be applied in IoT applications to guarantee communication security. Meanwhile, the security proofs of these proposed ID-AKA protocols are provided, which show they can hold provable eCK security. Some more efficient instantiations have been provided, which show the efficient performance of these proposed ID-AKA protocols. Moreover, comparisons with similar schemes have shown that these protocols have the least computation and communication efficiency at the same time.
Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been increasingly developed. Authenticated key agreement (AKA) plays an essential role in secure communication in IoT applications. Without the PKI certificate and high time-complexity bilinear pairing operations, identity-based AKA (ID-AKA) protocols without pairings are more suitable for protecting the keys in IoT applications. In recent years, many pairing-free ID-AKA protocols have been proposed. Moreover, these protocols have some security flaws or relatively extensive computation and communication efficiency. Focusing on these problems, the security analyses of some recently proposed protocols have been provided first. We then proposed a family of eCK secure ID-AKA protocols without pairings to solve these security problems, which can be applied in IoT applications to guarantee communication security. Meanwhile, the security proofs of these proposed ID-AKA protocols are provided, which show they can hold provable eCK security. Some more efficient instantiations have been provided, which show the efficient performance of these proposed ID-AKA protocols. Moreover, comparisons with similar schemes have shown that these protocols have the least computation and communication efficiency at the same time.
The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has worsened the challenge of maintaining data and user privacy. IoT end devices, often deployed in unsupervised environments and connected to open networks, are susceptible to physical tampering and various other security attacks. Thus, robust, efficient authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocols are essential to protect data privacy during exchanges between end devices and servers. The previous work in "Provably Secure ECC-Based Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement for IoT" proposed a novel AKA scheme for secure IoT environments. They claimed their protocol offers comprehensive security features, guarding against numerous potential flaws while achieving session key security. However, this paper demonstrates through logical and mathematical analyses that the previous work is vulnerable to various attacks. We conducted a security analysis using the extended Canetti and Krawczyk (eCK) model, which is widely employed in security evaluations. This model considers scenarios where an attacker has complete control over the network, including the ability to intercept, modify, and delete messages, while also accounting for the potential exposure of ephemeral private keys. Furthermore, we show that their scheme fails to meet critical security requirements and relies on flawed security assumptions. We prove our findings using the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications, a widely recognized formal verification tool. To strengthen attack resilience, we propose several recommendations for the advancement of more robust and efficient AKA protocols specifically designed for IoT environments.
With the significant development of the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) has become an emerging technology in many industries. To support security and privacy in the Industrial IoT environment, a user may interact with another user on the Internet to share confidential information, which requires an authenticated communication channel. To meet this demand, in this article the authors developed an identity-based two-party authenticated key agreement (ID-2PAKA) protocol that allows two users to communicate securely and share sensitive data across IoT-enabled regions. Similar protocols found in the literature either proven to be insecure or carry the burden of high communication and computational costs. The proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is analyzed in the random oracle model to achieve provable security based on the hardness assumptions of computational Diffie-Hellman and bilinear Diffie-Hellman problems. The performance analysis of the proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is performed using the pairing-based cryptography library. The comparative results from the perspective of the computation and communication costs against the competing protocols showed that the proposed ID-2PAKA protocol is secure and efficient.
With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), maintaining data confidentiality and protecting user privacy have become increasingly challenging. End devices in the IoT are often deployed in unattended environments and connected to open networks, making them vulnerable to physical tampering and other security attacks. Different authentication key agreement (AKA) schemes have been used in practice; several of them do not cover the necessary security features or are incompatible with resource-constrained end devices. Their security proofs have been performed under the Random-Oracle model. We present an AKA protocol for end devices and servers. The proposal leverages the ECC-based key exchange mechanism and one-way hash function-based message authentication method to achieve mutual authentication, user anonymity, and forward security. A formal security proof of the proposed scheme is performed under the standard model and the eCK model with the elliptic curve encryption computational assumptions, and formal verification is performed with ProVerif. According to the performance comparison, it is revealed that the proposed scheme offers user anonymity, perfect forward security, and mutual authentication, and resists typical attacks such as ephemeral secret leakage attacks, impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and key compromise impersonation attacks. Moreover, the proposed scheme has the lowest computational and communication overhead compared to existing schemes.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that has become popular in many applications, such as transportation, agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, robotics, etc. IoT devices are interconnected via the Internet, and secure message communication between them is a challenging task. An authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocol can solve such an issue. This article designed and implemented an identity-based three-party AKA (IoT-ID3PAKA) protocol to establish a shared session key among three IoT devices. The current state-of-the-art identity-based 3PAKA (ID-3PAKA) protocols are unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT devices because almost all of them undergo various security attacks and require higher execution and communication overheads. The provable security of the proposed IoT-ID3PAKA protocol relies on the hardness assumption of the elliptic curve-based computational Diffie–Hellman problem. The execution time of IoT-ID3PAKA for the security levels: 80, 112, 128, 192, and 256 bits on a Raspberry Pi 4 device is estimated and compared with the existing ID-3PAKA protocols.
Abstract With the rapid advancements of semiconductor technologies and wireless communication, Internet-of-Things (IoT) based network has a wider range adoption in the smart city. The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a representative IoT based network designed to connect various wearable IoT devices, located inside or outside of a human body. The WBAN typically connects itself to the mobile network and Internet via the smartphones. But how to mutually authenticate the entities’ identities and ensure the data confidentiality and integrity during the data transmission over a channel have still been the most prominent challenge in the IoT based networks. To solve the abovementioned challenge, in this paper, we propose a strongly secure pairing-free certificateless authenticated key agreement (PF-CL-AKA) protocol with two-way identity-based authentication before extracting the secure session key for the smartphones and wearable IoT devices. Our protocol is provably secure in the Lippold model, which means our protocol is still secure as long as each party of the channel has at least one uncompromised partial private term.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an enormous ubiquitous-network, which connects the objects through various sensors. The IoT technology promotes the interconnection and fusion between the physical world and information space, and it facilitates the day-to-day life of people. However, since a lot of equipped sensors are unattended and open, the IoT must face and overcome the main problems of security and privacy. Authentication is one of the paramount security concerns in the IoT environment, in which a user could directly access data from the sensors. Therefore, we propose an authentication and key agreement scheme providing unlinkability for the IoT environment based on bilinear pairings. The formal security proof demonstrates that the proposed protocol is unforgeable under the adaptively chosen message attack, and the session key exchange is semantic secure under the eCK model. In addition, the computation and communication costs of the proposed scheme are evaluated and compared with some existing similar schemes, which exhibits that it pleasantly addresses the needs of the IoT as far as security properties and computation expenses.