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Semiconductor Lasers and Applications

Hyper-polarisation of xenon nuclei by spin-exchange optical pumping with broadband diode laser in an optically opaque medium

Daba A. Radnatarov, Sergey M Kobtsev

Published Oct 12, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study examines the efficiency of spin hyper-polarization of xenon nuclei via spin-exchange optical pumping in an optically opaque medium of rubidium vapor with almost complete absorption of resonant radiation. A numerical model is presented that takes into account the depletion of broadband pumping in opaque medium. The study shows that the proposed method of estimating average rubidium polarization from absorption measurements of the optical pump radiation is applicable. The authors also demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the creation of a xenon polarization gradient in an optically opaque medium and propose a technique to maximize signal from gradient-polarized xenon in NMR spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1117/12.2687439

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This study examines the efficiency of spin hyper-polarization of xenon nuclei via spin-exchange optical pumping in an optically opaque medium of rubidium vapor with almost complete absorption of resonant radiation. A numerical model is presented that takes into account the depletion of broadband pumping in opaque medium. The study shows that the proposed method of estimating average rubidium polarization from absorption measurements of the optical pump radiation is applicable. The authors also demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the creation of a xenon polarization gradient in an optically opaque medium and propose a technique to maximize signal from gradient-polarized xenon in NMR spectroscopy.
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This work presents the discovery and study of a new, to the best of our knowledge, effect of oscillation of resonant radiation absorption in optical cells with rubidium vapor in the presence of xenon and nitrogen inside an installation for xenon polarization by spin-exchange optical pumping. This effect was observed at temperatures of 100°C–130°C, partial xenon pressure exceeding 100 kPa, total gas mix pressure of 400 kPa, and power of broad-band ( Δ λ = ∼ 2 n m ) laser radiation over 2 W. The highest registered magnitude of power oscillations of the transmitted radiation exceeded 20%, the oscillation period depending on the temperature and lying in the range of 4.8–7 s. The conducted measurements of the parameters of the transmitted radiation lead to the conclusion that the discovered effect is related to concentration oscillations of the atomic rubidium vapor, which probably arises due to cyclic dimerization of rubidium or an oscillating continuous chemical reaction of rubidium and the optical cell contents.
Gas mixtures with high xenon densities are explored for continuous flow spin-exchange optical pumping. It is shown that the Xe-NMR129 signal increases significantly with increasing xenon partial pressures up to about 200 kPa, despite a decreasing spin-polarization. Comparison of the rubidium infrared D2 emission with the xenon polarization demonstrates that radiation quenching by molecular nitrogen is of no substantial benefit for the pumping process at xenon pressures above 100 kPa. This reflects a diminished importance of spin-depolarization by radiation trapping due to the increased significance of spin-relaxation by rubidium-xenon collisions at high xenon densities. A quantitative expression for this effect is provided.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe finds numerous applications in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. The production of hyperpolarized 129Xe^{129}\mathrm{Xe}129Xe by spin-exchange optical pumping is therefore an important experimental issue. We model the three-dimensional transport processes within a so-called batch mode pump cell via numerical finite element method simulations and compare the results with experimental data. In particular, the influence of different experimental parameters, such as temperature, xenon and nitrogen partial pressure, laser power, and radius-to-length ratio of a cylindrical pump cell, is evaluated. The developed numerical method is capable of describing the spin-exchange optical pumping process in a realistic manner.
We present a constructed setup for polarizing 129 Xe noble gas. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe has been obtained via spin exchange with an optically pumped rubidium vapor. Optical pumping is based on polarizing the valence electron of rubidium by the resonant absorption of a circularly polarized laser light. The magnetic field of 30 G was used for obtaining 129 Xe polarization. The apparatus for detecting polarization is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The highest 129 Xe polarization of 54% has been obtained using 60 W circularly polarized laser light with wavelength of 794.7 nm. The measured longitudinal relaxation time of the hyperpolarized 129 Xe was 72.3 minutes.
We present the experimental results of generation and of detection of hyperpolarized xenon obtained by 4.7 T, 200 MHz magnetic resonance (MR) system. Xenon 129 was hyperpolarized by the spin-exchange with Rubidium pumped first by Ti:Sa laser and also by extended cavity laser system based on a high-power laser diode optimized for maximum efficiency of the optical pumping process. The application of the arrangement with semiconductor laser system is oriented medicine, especially to continuous production of hyperpolarized Xenon (HpXe) which serves as an contrast media in MR imaging systems.