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physica status solidi (b)

Spatial Microwave Field Frequency Measurement through Two‐Level Resonance of Nitrogen‐Vacancy Color Center in Diamond

Yanjie Gao, Yusong Liu, Hao Guo, Huanfei Wen, Zhonghao Li, Zongmin Ma, Jun Tang, Jun Liu

Published Sep 17, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article presents a frequency measurement method for spatial microwave signals with solid‐state atom resonance, performing measurements based on the burnt hole in spectrum with two microwave fields acting on nitrogen vacancies (NVs) simultaneously. The population on |0⟩ of the NV color center in the ground state affected by the resonance of two microwave fields with similar frequencies responds excellently to external microwave frequencies, and a phenomenon named hole burning occurs. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the resonant peak at the hole is 18.9 kHz. When microwaves of different frequencies are applied, the resonant peak precisely follows the signal frequency in the experiment. Subsequently, the resonant peak is processed using the differential method to obtain a frequency measurement error on the order of 100 Hz. The spatial resolution of this method is within the millimeter scale. This study can provide technical support for applications in microwave frequency measurement and spatial mapping with quantum precision measurement.

DOI
10.1002/pssb.202300341

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This article presents a frequency measurement method for spatial microwave signals with solid‐state atom resonance, performing measurements based on the burnt hole in spectrum with two microwave fields acting on nitrogen vacancies (NVs) simultaneously. The population on |0⟩ of the NV color center in the ground state affected by the resonance of two microwave fields with similar frequencies responds excellently to external microwave frequencies, and a phenomenon named hole burning occurs. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the resonant peak at the hole is 18.9 kHz. When microwaves of different frequencies are applied, the resonant peak precisely follows the signal frequency in the experiment. Subsequently, the resonant peak is processed using the differential method to obtain a frequency measurement error on the order of 100 Hz. The spatial resolution of this method is within the millimeter scale. This study can provide technical support for applications in microwave frequency measurement and spatial mapping with quantum precision measurement.
This article presents a method to simultaneously determine multiple microwave signals using the hole-burning effect based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds. Tracking the anomalous peaks caused by fixed-frequency microwave signals in the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum, the frequencies under test can be detected with high precision and accuracy in real time. Meanwhile, the applicability of the scheme in detecting microwave signals of different power is evaluated systematically by adjusting the power of measured fixed-frequency microwave signals. In addition, the frequency resolution of the system is characterized by modulating the frequency of one of the microwave signals. The experiment results indicate that the frequency resolution is as small as 5 kHz and the recognition deviation is less than 0.40 kHz. The method will provide a new idea in the field of electromagnetic compatibility testing, radio signal processing, and Internet of Things Engineering.
High-resolution wide-spectrum measurement techniques have important applications in fields such as astronomy, wireless communication, and medical imaging. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is well known for its high stability, high sensitivity, real-time monitoring, single-point detection, and suitability for long-term measurement, and has an outstanding choice for spectrum analyzers. Currently, spectrum analyzers based on NV centers as detectors can perform real-time spectrum analysis in the range of several tens of gigahertz, but their frequency resolution is limited to a MHz level. In this study, we construct a quantum diamond microwave spectrum imaging system by combining continuous wave-mixing techniques. According to the spin-related properties of the NV center in diamond, we implement optical pumping by 532 nm green laser light illuminating the diamond NV center. A spherical magnet is used to produce a magnetic field gradient along the direction of the diamond crystal. By adjusting the size and direction of the magnetic field gradient, spatial encoding of the resonance frequency of the NV center is achieved. The magnetic field gradient induces the Zeeman effect on the diamond surface at different positions, generating corresponding ODMR signals. Through accurate programming, we coordinate the frequency scanning step size of the microwave source with the camera exposure and image storage time, and synchronize them circularly according to the order of image acquisition. Ultimately, after algorithmic processing, we successfully obtain comprehensive spectrum data in a range from 900 MHz to 6.0 GHz. Within the measurable spectrum range, the system employs continuous wave-mixing, simultaneously applying resonant microwaves and slightly detuning auxiliary microwaves to effectively excite the NV center. This method triggers off microwave interference effects, disrupting the balance between laser-induced polarization and microwave-induced spontaneous relaxation. Specifically, microwave interference causes the phase and amplitude of the fluorescence signal to change, leading to the generation of alternating current fluorescence signals. This further enhances the response of the NV magnetometer to weak microwave signals. The method enables the system to achieve a frequency resolution of 1 Hz in the measurable spectrum range, and it can separately measure the frequency resolution of multiple frequency points with a frequency step size of 1 MHz. The research results indicate that the wide-spectrum measurement based on NV centers can achieve sub-hertz frequency resolution, providing robust technical support for future spectrum analysis and applications.
This article proposed a microwave (MW) detection method by utilizing the effect of the dual MW on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We established a theoretical model of dual MW superposition and experimentally discovered the unusual peak in the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectrum. The peak frequency and the full-width at half-maximum of the unusual peak, as well as fluorescence intensity in the nonresonant frequency range of the ODMR spectrum, were systematically analyzed to obtain the frequency and amplitude of the measured MW signals. The broadband MW detection was realized in a wide range of 2240–4512 MHz by utilizing the linear relation between the magnetic field and the resonant frequency in the Zeeman splitting. The experiments showed that the minimum detection power was up to 1μ\muμW. The proposed approach can greatly improve the practicability of detecting MW fields on chip surfaces by quantum engineering techniques.
The research focuses on the solid-state spin system of diamond NV (Negatively Charged Nitrogen Vacancy, NV) color centers, which exhibit excellent optical readout, polarization properties, and millisecond-scale coherent time. This makes it an important means to achieve quantum information processing and quantum precision measurement. Additionally, its ultrahigh sensitivity to magnetic fields provides a potential path for diamond’s high-precision current measurement. This paper investigates a reliable method in the field of direct current measurement using quantum sensing technology based on diamond NV color centers. It involves measuring the change in the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum based on a fixed microwave frequency to achieve magnetic field measurement. Simultaneously, by utilizing the spatial distribution of magnetic sensor heads, it achieves current inversion. Finally, an experimental platform was constructed for validation. Preliminary results indicate that the linear fit error for direct current amplitude is less than 10^-7, confirming the feasibility of this technological approach and providing a potential application for diamond in measuring currents in power systems.
The efficient and reliable detection of microwave signals is a key element of the breakthrough in new-generation communication technology. In this article, we proposed an approach for the simultaneous identification of multiple microwave signals in a continuous frequency range based on the spectral hole-burning effect of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The protocol combines the quantum wide-field imaging method with magnetic gradient means, breaking the narrowband and discrete detection limitations of conventional optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) techniques. The frequencies of multiple microwave signals can be accurately decoupled by locating the relevant gaps on resonance frequency curves. Meanwhile, the effects induced by fixed-frequency signals with different powers on the resonance frequency curves were systematically analyzed. The experimental results indicated that the system realized a multiple-frequency resolution of 1 MHz and a minimum detectable power of 1 mW over a continuous bandwidth of 313-MHz. This proposal is capable of real-time and simultaneous detection of multiple microwave signals, which remarkably improves the utilization efficiency of spectrum resources.
We present results of our research on two-field (two-frequency) microwave spectroscopy in nitrogen-vacancy ($\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) color centers in a diamond. Both fields are tuned to transitions between the spin sublevels of the $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ensemble in the 3A2{}^{3}{A}_{2}3A2​ ground state (one field has a fixed frequency while the second one is scanned). Particular attention is focused on the case where two microwave fields drive the same transition between two $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state sublevels (${m}_{\mathrm{s}}=0\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{m}_{\mathrm{s}}=+1$). In this case, the observed spectra exhibit a complex narrow structure composed of three Lorentzian resonances positioned at the pump-field frequency. The resonance widths and amplitudes depend on the lifetimes of the levels involved in the transition. We attribute the spectra to coherent population oscillations induced by the two nearly degenerate microwave fields, which we have also observed in real time. The observations agree well with a theoretical model and can be useful for investigation of the NV relaxation mechanisms.