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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

A Simple Pathway to Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Light Using Monolithic Diamond Raman Resonators

Eduardo Granados

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Fourier-limited and tunable nanosecond pulses are essential for applications that rely on high-intensity interactions between light and atoms. These applications require precise and wide tunability across a large range of wavelengths (expanding from the UV to the near-IR). The vast interest in producing and integrating pulsed tunable narrow linewidth light is further fuelled by applications in quantum technology. The main challenge here is in the production of many (hundreds to thousands) individually tunable, narrow-band pulses simultaneously. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are expected to provide the scalability and simplicity required for these quantum technology-based sensing systems and applications, but there are still many obstacles to overcome. Among these are improvements in active materials, such as direct gain and laser output in the green-yellow spectral range.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10231477

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The past decade has seen an explosion of development in new devices, modalities, and architectures for advanced sensing, computation, and communication. This growth has been driven by the massive investments of large consumer-tech companies in data-hungry domains of customer interest. As these companies develop their products and seek a competitive edge, technologies which can provide advantage across application areas by making computation cheaper, or sensors more knowledgeable, or communication faster, are attracting more interest in and outside academia. Photonics, or the study of how to manipulate light, is a broad-based platform that inherently delivers on these promises. 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Due to their highly coherent emission, tunability, and compactness, integrated single-frequency diamond Raman lasers are interesting tools for applications in integrated quantum technology, high-resolution spectroscopy, or coherent optical communications. While the fundamental emission linewidth of these lasers can be Fourier limited, their thermo-optic characteristics lead to drifts in their carrier frequency, posing important challenges for applications requiring ultrastable emission. We propose here a method for measuring accurately the temperature-dependent index of refraction of diamond by employing standing Stokes waves produced in a monolithic Fabry-P\'erot diamond Raman resonator. Our approach takes into account the influence of temperature on the first-order phonon line and the average lattice phonon frequency under intense stimulated Raman scattering conditions. We further utilize this model to calculate the value of the average phonon frequency and then the temperature-dependent thermo-optic coefficient. The theory is accompanied by the demonstration of tunable Fourier-limited Stokes nanosecond pulses with a stabilized center frequency deviation of less than $4$ MHz.

arXiv:2204.11255•Physical Review A•Aug 3, 2022•3 citations
Fourier-limited and tunable nanosecond pulses are essential for applications that rely on high-intensity interactions between light and atoms. These applications require precise and wide tunability across a large range of wavelengths (expanding from the UV to the near-IR). The vast interest in producing and integrating pulsed tunable narrow linewidth light is further fuelled by applications in quantum technology. The main challenge here is in the production of many (hundreds to thousands) individually tunable, narrow-band pulses simultaneously. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are expected to provide the scalability and simplicity required for these quantum technology-based sensing systems and applications, but there are still many obstacles to overcome. Among these are improvements in active materials, such as direct gain and laser output in the green-yellow spectral range.
Fourier-limited nanosecond pulses featuring narrow spectral bandwidths are required for applications in spectroscopy, sensing, and quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate a direct and simple route for the generation of single-frequency light relying on phonon-resonant Raman interactions within a monolithic diamond resonator. The technique enables the production of nearly Fourier-limited nanosecond optical pulses (15 ns), with an overall spectral bandwidth of down to 180 MHz, which is nearly two orders of magnitude narrower than the pump laser linewidth used (12 GHz). The power conversion efficiency was 47%, yielding a power spectral brightness enhancement of > 50 × compared to the pump. Our results pave the way to the integration of pulsed widely tunable, power scalable, narrow linewidth light sources into integrated photonic platforms. Furthermore, the device does not need elaborate mechanical feedback loops for cavity length or frequency stabilization, or any additional optical components.
As quantum technologies transition from laboratories to the world, their successful deployment critically relies on the size, weight, and power (SWaP) of the laser sources fueling them. Due to the stringent optical requirements of most of these systems, they still predominantly use bulky lasers made of free-space components. With the emergence of high-performance, chip-scale lasers based on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) [1], practical quantum systems that are compact and scalable are now within reach. However, to successfully realize a PIC-based laser module that meets both optical and functional requirements, a system-level approach for co-designing the optical source (gain medium and PIC), the driver electronics, and the control software needs to be adopted.
The past decade has seen an explosion of development in new devices, modalities, and architectures for advanced sensing, computation, and communication. This growth has been driven by the massive investments of large consumer-tech companies in data-hungry domains of customer interest. As these companies develop their products and seek a competitive edge, technologies which can provide advantage across application areas by making computation cheaper, or sensors more knowledgeable, or communication faster, are attracting more interest in and outside academia. Photonics, or the study of how to manipulate light, is a broad-based platform that inherently delivers on these promises. Although photonics has been a part of daily life since the invention of the laser, modern needs and aspirational designs which meet those needs far exceed the capabilities of the platforms which have traditionally constituted the photonics toolkit.\nThere are two specific areas where standard photonic materials are lacking - support for visible wavelengths and functionality for quantum optics. Currently, there are many implementations of systems which use visible light or quantum optics on the tabletop, but the drive to scale these technologies and deliver them to the consumer encounters a roadblock in their size and cost. Visible light sensors, for instance, could greatly benefit from conversion into an integrated photonics platform, where the optical components are printed onto a small substrate. However, the standard materials used for such systems (silicon and indium phosphide) absorb visible light, and other materials (like silicon nitride) do not have the attributes required for advanced functionality. More compellingly, there exist very few material platforms which can host the quantum defects required for next-generation technologies like quantum computation or secure communication.\nThe past decade has seen extensive research into an emerging material platform which can deliver on the ability to bring integrated visible photonics and quantum optics to the same chip - diamond. With a broad transparency region (from UV to the far infrared) and high refractive index, diamond makes an excellent material for run-of-the-mill photonic devices. More importantly, it harbors atom-like defects in its crystal lattice - the nitrogen-vacancy, silicon-vacancy, and germanium-vacancy centers, among many more - which provide a direct interface between the photons circulating within the diamond device and the quantum world. Taken together, these simple properties of diamond constitute a powerful approach towards implementation of advanced quantum technologies, such as repeaters for secure quantum communication or even, one day, computers.\nBefore that future arrives, diamond's capability must first be developed. Diamond has only been available in significant quantities for research use for about a decade, and as such, the processing technologies which are taken for granted in silicon or silicon nitride-based work must be redeveloped. Within the context of photonic devices, we discuss different fabrication strategies and their implications for device design. For visible light devices especially, we investigate methods to reduce sidewall roughness for etched structures.\nInterfacing with diamond photonic structures also brings its own unique set of challenges due to its high refractive index and very small material footprint. To this end, we develop a method termed "loaded tapered-fiber coupling" to optically access large, free-standing diamond devices. For size-limited diamond resonators and waveguides, we also develop auxiliary optical waveguides to act as spot-converters for visible wavelengths, an improvement on previous techniques for telecom-range wavelengths.\nFinally, by synthesizing these improvements in fabrication, we embark on a set of experiments in diamond microresonators. Nonlinear optics is an excellent testbed for such improvements, both for diamond's superlative properties in that regard and their high sensitivity to improvements in fabrication. First, we look at a process known as Raman lasing by constructing long path-length resonators.This technique involves the shifting of an input photon by 40 THz via the interaction with the diamond's crystal lattice.The first demonstration in a diamond integrated device was shown with a pump wavelength of 1600 nm, with an output that was tuned over 100 nm and a low threshold. Leveraging the developments in visible photonics for diamond, a second Raman laser was demonstrated, this time at near-visible (720 nm) wavelengths.This too had a Stokes output which was tunable to over 100 nm and a very low threshold. Raman-specific effects such as polarization conversion were also investigated.\nA cousin to the Raman effect, the Kerr nonlinearity plays a key role in so-called microresonator (or Kerr) frequency combs. We survey the possibilities and difficulties in implementation for a diamond platform, highlighting the competition between the Kerr and Raman nonlinearities. Although the outlook for a technologically relevant Kerr comb in diamond is ultimately pessimistic, avenues for improvement are highlighted. Namely, we investigate via simulation a related class of effects, known as supercontinuum generation.Taking advantage of subtleties of the Raman process in diamond, we can find a preferred geometry which enables generation of a broadband light spectrum natively in diamond.\nFinally, we look at alternative applications of diamond, particularly in high-power systems. Due to its excellent thermal conductivity and power-handling capacity, optics fashioned purely out of diamond can show significant advantages compared to other materials. We end with a discussion of the design principles and results stemming from this work.
High-Resolution In-Source Spectroscopy Integrated tunable diamond Raman lasers offer vital access to the hyperfine structure of atoms, becoming essential in scalable ion-based quantum technologies. Exploiting the Raman effect, the device produces spectrally-bright tunable Stokes pulses, showcasing MHz-class resolution without active cavity stabilization (see article 2300564 by Eduardo Granados and co-workers). This study demonstrates the efficacy of these lasers as a tool for high-resolution in-source spectroscopy, paving the way for numerous applications in the fields of atomic and nuclear physics.
Abstract Tunable single‐frequency lasers are the most prominent tool for high‐resolution spectroscopy, allowing for the study and exploitation of the electronic structure of atoms. A significant milestone relies on the demonstration of integrated laser technology for performing such a task. The device presented here is composed of a compact Fabry–Perot monolithic resonator capable of producing tunable and Fourier‐limited nanosecond pulses with a MHz‐class frequency stability without active cavity stabilization elements. It also has the remarkable capability of exploiting the Raman effect to funnel efficiently the broad spectrum of an input laser to a spectrally‐bright Stokes pulse at hard‐to‐access wavelength ranges. The targeted atom for the demonstrations is 152Sm, released as an atomic vapor in a hot cavity environment. Here, the Stokes field is tuned to a wavelength of 433.9 nm, while a crossed‐beams spectroscopy setup is used to minimize the Doppler broadened spectral features of the atoms. With this work, the suitability of integrated diamond Raman lasers as a high‐resolution in‐source spectroscopy tool is demonstrated, enabling many applications in atomic and nuclear physics. The integrated form‐factor and inherent simplicity makes such a laser an interesting prospect for quantum‐technology based sensing systems and related applications.
Due to their highly coherent emission, tunability, and compactness, integrated single-frequency diamond Raman lasers are interesting tools for applications in integrated quantum technology, high-resolution spectroscopy, or coherent optical communications. While the fundamental emission linewidth of these lasers can be Fourier limited, their thermo-optic characteristics lead to drifts in their carrier frequency, posing important challenges for applications requiring ultrastable emission. We propose here a method for measuring accurately the temperature-dependent index of refraction of diamond by employing standing Stokes waves produced in a monolithic Fabry-P\'erot diamond Raman resonator. Our approach takes into account the influence of temperature on the first-order phonon line and the average lattice phonon frequency under intense stimulated Raman scattering conditions. We further utilize this model to calculate the value of the average phonon frequency and then the temperature-dependent thermo-optic coefficient. The theory is accompanied by the demonstration of tunable Fourier-limited Stokes nanosecond pulses with a stabilized center frequency deviation of less than 444 MHz.