© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Laser & Photonics Review

In‐Source High‐Resolution Spectroscopy Using an Integrated Tunable Raman Laser

Eduardo Granados, Georgios Stoikos, Cyril Bernerd, K. Chrysalidis, Daniel T. Echarri, V. N. Fedosseev, Reinhard Heinke, B. A. Marsh

Published Nov 23, 2023• 10 citations

Abstract

Abstract Tunable single‐frequency lasers are the most prominent tool for high‐resolution spectroscopy, allowing for the study and exploitation of the electronic structure of atoms. A significant milestone relies on the demonstration of integrated laser technology for performing such a task. The device presented here is composed of a compact Fabry–Perot monolithic resonator capable of producing tunable and Fourier‐limited nanosecond pulses with a MHz‐class frequency stability without active cavity stabilization elements. It also has the remarkable capability of exploiting the Raman effect to funnel efficiently the broad spectrum of an input laser to a spectrally‐bright Stokes pulse at hard‐to‐access wavelength ranges. The targeted atom for the demonstrations is 152Sm, released as an atomic vapor in a hot cavity environment. Here, the Stokes field is tuned to a wavelength of 433.9 nm, while a crossed‐beams spectroscopy setup is used to minimize the Doppler broadened spectral features of the atoms. With this work, the suitability of integrated diamond Raman lasers as a high‐resolution in‐source spectroscopy tool is demonstrated, enabling many applications in atomic and nuclear physics. The integrated form‐factor and inherent simplicity makes such a laser an interesting prospect for quantum‐technology based sensing systems and related applications.

DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202300564

Related papers

In‐Source High‐Resolution Spectroscopy Using an Integrated Tunable Raman Laser (Laser Photonics Rev. 18(3)/2024)

Eduardo Granados, Georgios Stoikos, Cyril Bernerd +5 more

High-Resolution In-Source Spectroscopy Integrated tunable diamond Raman lasers offer vital access to the hyperfine structure of atoms, becoming essential in scalable ion-based quantum technologies. Exploiting the Raman effect, the device produces spectrally-bright tunable Stokes pulses, showcasing MHz-class resolution without active cavity stabilization (see article 2300564 by Eduardo Granados and co-workers). This study demonstrates the efficacy of these lasers as a tool for high-resolution in-source spectroscopy, paving the way for numerous applications in the fields of atomic and nuclear physics.

Laser & Photonics Review•Mar 1, 2024•0 citations

Spectral synthesis of multimode lasers to the Fourier limit in integrated Fabry–Perot diamond resonators

Eduardo Granados, C. Granados, Rizwan Ahmed +6 more

Fourier-limited nanosecond pulses featuring narrow spectral bandwidths are required for applications in spectroscopy, sensing, and quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate a direct and simple route for the generation of single-frequency light relying on phonon-resonant Raman interactions within a monolithic diamond resonator. The technique enables the production of nearly Fourier-limited nanosecond optical pulses (15 ns), with an overall spectral bandwidth of down to 180 MHz, which is nearly two orders of magnitude narrower than the pump laser linewidth used (12 GHz). The power conversion efficiency was 47%, yielding a power spectral brightness enhancement of > 50 × compared to the pump. Our results pave the way to the integration of pulsed widely tunable, power scalable, narrow linewidth light sources into integrated photonic platforms. Furthermore, the device does not need elaborate mechanical feedback loops for cavity length or frequency stabilization, or any additional optical components.

Optica•Feb 24, 2022•32 citations

A Simple Pathway to Widely Tunable Single-Frequency Light Using Monolithic Diamond Raman Resonators

Eduardo Granados

Fourier-limited and tunable nanosecond pulses are essential for applications that rely on high-intensity interactions between light and atoms. These applications require precise and wide tunability across a large range of wavelengths (expanding from the UV to the near-IR). The vast interest in producing and integrating pulsed tunable narrow linewidth light is further fuelled by applications in quantum technology. The main challenge here is in the production of many (hundreds to thousands) individually tunable, narrow-band pulses simultaneously. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are expected to provide the scalability and simplicity required for these quantum technology-based sensing systems and applications, but there are still many obstacles to overcome. Among these are improvements in active materials, such as direct gain and laser output in the green-yellow spectral range.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 26, 2023•0 citations

Ultranarrow Linewidth Photonic‐Atomic Laser

Wei Zhang, Liron Stern, David R. Carlson +5 more

Abstract Lasers with high spectral purity can enable a diverse application space, including precision spectroscopy, coherent high‐speed communications, physical sensing, and manipulation of quantum systems. Already, meticulous design and construction of bench Fabry–Perot cavities has made possible dramatic achievements in active laser‐linewidth reduction, predominantly for optical‐atomic clocks. Yet, there is increasing demand for miniaturized laser systems operating with high performance in ambient environments. Here, a compact and robust photonic‐atomic laser comprising a 2.5 centimeter long, 20 000 finesse, monolithic Fabry–Perot cavity integrated with a micromachined rubidium vapor cell is presented. By leveraging the short‐time frequency stability of the cavity and the long‐time frequency stability of atoms, an ultranarrow‐linewidth laser that enables integration for extended measurements is realized. Specifically, the laser supports a fractional‐frequency stability of at an averaging time of 20 millisecond, at 300 second, an integrated linewidth of 25 Hz that results from thermal noise, frequency noise floor as low as 0.06 Hz2 Hz−1, and a passive vibration immunity as low as 10−10 g−1. The present work explores hybrid laser systems with monolithic photonic and atomic packages based on physical design.

arXiv:1906.00104•Laser & Photonics Review•Mar 1, 2020•73 citations

Influence of phonon harmonicity on spectrally pure resonant Stokes fields

Georgios Stoikos, Eduardo Granados

Due to their highly coherent emission, tunability, and compactness, integrated single-frequency diamond Raman lasers are interesting tools for applications in integrated quantum technology, high-resolution spectroscopy, or coherent optical communications. While the fundamental emission linewidth of these lasers can be Fourier limited, their thermo-optic characteristics lead to drifts in their carrier frequency, posing important challenges for applications requiring ultrastable emission. We propose here a method for measuring accurately the temperature-dependent index of refraction of diamond by employing standing Stokes waves produced in a monolithic Fabry-P\'erot diamond Raman resonator. Our approach takes into account the influence of temperature on the first-order phonon line and the average lattice phonon frequency under intense stimulated Raman scattering conditions. We further utilize this model to calculate the value of the average phonon frequency and then the temperature-dependent thermo-optic coefficient. The theory is accompanied by the demonstration of tunable Fourier-limited Stokes nanosecond pulses with a stabilized center frequency deviation of less than $4$ MHz.

arXiv:2204.11255•Physical Review A•Aug 3, 2022•3 citations

Laser frequency stabilization with a metasurface chip through atomic spectral manipulation

Chen Qing, Lishuang Feng, Dengke Zhang

Atomic spectroscopy serves as the basis for quantum precision measurements, where frequency-stabilized lasers are crucial for obtaining accurate atomic spectra.This work introduces a compact laser frequency stabilization system that employs a multifunctional metasurface to adjust the polarization, amplitude, and propagation direction of incident light.By combining with a Rb atomic vapor cell, the system achieves a tunable sub-Doppler spectrum for laser frequency stabilization.The experimental result demonstrates that a laser frequency stability of 3 × 10 -11 is attained from 1 to 200 s at 780 nm with the input power at 20 μW.The devices hold significant potential for compactness, integration, and mass production, making them highly suitable for quantum measurement applications.

Chinese Optics Letters•Jan 1, 2025•1 citation

Abstract Tunable single‐frequency lasers are the most prominent tool for high‐resolution spectroscopy, allowing for the study and exploitation of the electronic structure of atoms. A significant milestone relies on the demonstration of integrated laser technology for performing such a task. The device presented here is composed of a compact Fabry–Perot monolithic resonator capable of producing tunable and Fourier‐limited nanosecond pulses with a MHz‐class frequency stability without active cavity stabilization elements. It also has the remarkable capability of exploiting the Raman effect to funnel efficiently the broad spectrum of an input laser to a spectrally‐bright Stokes pulse at hard‐to‐access wavelength ranges. The targeted atom for the demonstrations is 152Sm, released as an atomic vapor in a hot cavity environment. Here, the Stokes field is tuned to a wavelength of 433.9 nm, while a crossed‐beams spectroscopy setup is used to minimize the Doppler broadened spectral features of the atoms. With this work, the suitability of integrated diamond Raman lasers as a high‐resolution in‐source spectroscopy tool is demonstrated, enabling many applications in atomic and nuclear physics. The integrated form‐factor and inherent simplicity makes such a laser an interesting prospect for quantum‐technology based sensing systems and related applications.

High-Resolution In-Source Spectroscopy Integrated tunable diamond Raman lasers offer vital access to the hyperfine structure of atoms, becoming essential in scalable ion-based quantum technologies. Exploiting the Raman effect, the device produces spectrally-bright tunable Stokes pulses, showcasing MHz-class resolution without active cavity stabilization (see article 2300564 by Eduardo Granados and co-workers). This study demonstrates the efficacy of these lasers as a tool for high-resolution in-source spectroscopy, paving the way for numerous applications in the fields of atomic and nuclear physics.

Fourier-limited nanosecond pulses featuring narrow spectral bandwidths are required for applications in spectroscopy, sensing, and quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate a direct and simple route for the generation of single-frequency light relying on phonon-resonant Raman interactions within a monolithic diamond resonator. The technique enables the production of nearly Fourier-limited nanosecond optical pulses (15 ns), with an overall spectral bandwidth of down to 180 MHz, which is nearly two orders of magnitude narrower than the pump laser linewidth used (12 GHz). The power conversion efficiency was 47%, yielding a power spectral brightness enhancement of > 50 × compared to the pump. Our results pave the way to the integration of pulsed widely tunable, power scalable, narrow linewidth light sources into integrated photonic platforms. Furthermore, the device does not need elaborate mechanical feedback loops for cavity length or frequency stabilization, or any additional optical components.

Fourier-limited and tunable nanosecond pulses are essential for applications that rely on high-intensity interactions between light and atoms. These applications require precise and wide tunability across a large range of wavelengths (expanding from the UV to the near-IR). The vast interest in producing and integrating pulsed tunable narrow linewidth light is further fuelled by applications in quantum technology. The main challenge here is in the production of many (hundreds to thousands) individually tunable, narrow-band pulses simultaneously. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are expected to provide the scalability and simplicity required for these quantum technology-based sensing systems and applications, but there are still many obstacles to overcome. Among these are improvements in active materials, such as direct gain and laser output in the green-yellow spectral range.

Abstract Lasers with high spectral purity can enable a diverse application space, including precision spectroscopy, coherent high‐speed communications, physical sensing, and manipulation of quantum systems. Already, meticulous design and construction of bench Fabry–Perot cavities has made possible dramatic achievements in active laser‐linewidth reduction, predominantly for optical‐atomic clocks. Yet, there is increasing demand for miniaturized laser systems operating with high performance in ambient environments. Here, a compact and robust photonic‐atomic laser comprising a 2.5 centimeter long, 20 000 finesse, monolithic Fabry–Perot cavity integrated with a micromachined rubidium vapor cell is presented. By leveraging the short‐time frequency stability of the cavity and the long‐time frequency stability of atoms, an ultranarrow‐linewidth laser that enables integration for extended measurements is realized. Specifically, the laser supports a fractional‐frequency stability of at an averaging time of 20 millisecond, at 300 second, an integrated linewidth of 25 Hz that results from thermal noise, frequency noise floor as low as 0.06 Hz2 Hz−1, and a passive vibration immunity as low as 10−10 g−1. The present work explores hybrid laser systems with monolithic photonic and atomic packages based on physical design.

Due to their highly coherent emission, tunability, and compactness, integrated single-frequency diamond Raman lasers are interesting tools for applications in integrated quantum technology, high-resolution spectroscopy, or coherent optical communications. While the fundamental emission linewidth of these lasers can be Fourier limited, their thermo-optic characteristics lead to drifts in their carrier frequency, posing important challenges for applications requiring ultrastable emission. We propose here a method for measuring accurately the temperature-dependent index of refraction of diamond by employing standing Stokes waves produced in a monolithic Fabry-P\'erot diamond Raman resonator. Our approach takes into account the influence of temperature on the first-order phonon line and the average lattice phonon frequency under intense stimulated Raman scattering conditions. We further utilize this model to calculate the value of the average phonon frequency and then the temperature-dependent thermo-optic coefficient. The theory is accompanied by the demonstration of tunable Fourier-limited Stokes nanosecond pulses with a stabilized center frequency deviation of less than

4

MHz.

Atomic spectroscopy serves as the basis for quantum precision measurements, where frequency-stabilized lasers are crucial for obtaining accurate atomic spectra.This work introduces a compact laser frequency stabilization system that employs a multifunctional metasurface to adjust the polarization, amplitude, and propagation direction of incident light.By combining with a Rb atomic vapor cell, the system achieves a tunable sub-Doppler spectrum for laser frequency stabilization.The experimental result demonstrates that a laser frequency stability of 3 × 10 -11 is attained from 1 to 200 s at 780 nm with the input power at 20 μW.The devices hold significant potential for compactness, integration, and mass production, making them highly suitable for quantum measurement applications.