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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Single-Mode Quantum Non-Gaussian Light from Warm Atoms

Jaromír Mika, Lukáš Lachman, Tomas Lamich, Radim Filip, L. Slodička

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum non-Gaussianity (QNG) corresponds to an essential resource in many prospective applications of quantum technologies. QNG states of light have been demonstrated in a broad range of experimental platforms with various complementary advantages [1]. However, in order to allow for their direct and efficient utilization for interaction with the target quantum system, their degrees of freedom have to be well-defined and controllable. This imposes a requirement on the generation of QNG light in a single optical mode. While the intrinsic single-photon sources including trapped ions, atoms, or molecules, naturally offer a close-to a single mode emission, their technologically more accessible counterparts including majority of the solid-state emitters and sources based on heralded generation of nonclassical states in various parametric nonlinear processes typically provide a multi-mode output. Although several demonstrations of a single-mode operation of nonclassical light sources based on these platforms have been recently demonstrated, an unambiguous observation of a single-mode QNG light has never been presented.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10232670

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Quantum non-Gaussianity (QNG) corresponds to an essential resource in many prospective applications of quantum technologies. QNG states of light have been demonstrated in a broad range of experimental platforms with various complementary advantages [1]. However, in order to allow for their direct and efficient utilization for interaction with the target quantum system, their degrees of freedom have to be well-defined and controllable. This imposes a requirement on the generation of QNG light in a single optical mode. While the intrinsic single-photon sources including trapped ions, atoms, or molecules, naturally offer a close-to a single mode emission, their technologically more accessible counterparts including majority of the solid-state emitters and sources based on heralded generation of nonclassical states in various parametric nonlinear processes typically provide a multi-mode output. Although several demonstrations of a single-mode operation of nonclassical light sources based on these platforms have been recently demonstrated, an unambiguous observation of a single-mode QNG light has never been presented.
The distributed quantum information processing and hybridization of quantum platforms raises increasing demands on the quality of light-matter interaction and realization of efficient quantum interfaces. This becomes particularly challenging for needed states possessing fundamental quantum non-Gaussian (QNG) aspects. They correspond to paramount resources in most potent applications of quantum technologies. We demonstrate the generation of light with provably QNG features from a tunable warm atomic ensemble in a single-mode regime. The light is generated in a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in the presence of decoherence effects caused by a large atomic thermal motion. Despite its high sensitivity to any excess noise, a direct observability of heralded QNG light could be achieved due to a combination of a fast resonant excitation, large spectral bandwidth, and a low absorption loss of resonant photons guaranteed by the source geometry.
Abstract The distributed quantum information processing and hybridization of quantum platforms raises increasing demands on the quality of light-matter interaction and realization of efficient quantum interfaces. This becomes particularly challenging for needed states possessing fundamental quantum non-Gaussian (QNG) aspects. They correspond to paramount resources in most potent applications of quantum technologies. We demonstrate the generation of light with provably QNG features from a warm atomic ensemble in a single-mode regime. The light is generated in a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in the presence of decoherence effects caused by a large atomic thermal motion. Despite its high sensitivity to any excess noise, direct observability of heralded QNG light could be achieved due to a combination of a fast resonant excitation, large spectral bandwidth, and a low absorption loss of resonant photons guaranteed by the source geometry.
A great deal of research in optics concentrates on developing quantum methods ranging from precision measurement to optical telecommunication, and from quantum information processing to fundamental tests of nature. To this aim, engineering and characterization of quantum states of light becomes extremally important. Nonclassical sources are based on various underlying physical phenomena, from parametric downconversion and four-wave mixing to solid state and atomic single emitters to ensembles of atoms or ions. I will discuss recent efforts in engineering and characterization of nonclassical light states applicable to a broad range of sources, predominantly based on tunable narrow-band filtering.
Sources of highly nonclassical light are important building blocks of many proposed implementations of optical quantum technologies [1]. The most common realisations of nonclassical light sources are either based on two-level quantum emitters or on nonlinear sources of photon pairs and squeezed light [2] and are generally limited in the properties of the quantum states of light they can efficiently generate: single-photon states for two-level systems and squeezed states (with a Gaussian Wigner function) for nonlinear sources.
A versatile quantum light source capable of programmably generating a variety of quantum light is a key enabler for photonic quantum technologies. In particular, independent control over both the output quantum state and its temporal waveform is essential for realizing diverse functionalities and enhancing processing performance. However, conventional sources of optical non-Gaussian states, a crucial resource for photonic quantum information processing, typically emit fixed states with predetermined temporal waveforms, lacking their programmability. Here, we propose a programmable non-Gaussian quantum light source that offers independent and arbitrary tunability of both the quantum state and the temporal waveform within a single platform. As a distinctive feature, our approach employs a heralding scheme in which these two properties are indirectly engineered to user-defined targets by manipulating the light in the heralding channel, thereby avoiding optical losses associated with direct manipulation of the heralded quantum light. We develop a prototype and demonstrate the generation of single-photon, Schrödinger cat, and two-photon states in a variety of unconventional temporal waveforms without degradation in state quality. This platform provides a versatile tool for tailoring quantum light to specific applications, significantly expanding the capabilities of photonic quantum technologies.
Nowadays, single-photon sources can be generated experimentally through a wide variety of platforms [1]. Semiconductor quantum dots [2] have demonstrated impressive performance in terms of photon purity and indistinguishability, particularly in Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments. Another widely used method involves nonlinear crystals, which can generate entangled photon pairs via nonlinear processes such as spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). These are heralded single-photon sources, rather than deterministic ones, yet they remain essential tools in quantum optics [3]. Moreover, among the most commonly used single photon sources, there are NV centres in diamonds [4]. These single-photon sources emit quantum states of light, i.e., those that have no classical counterpart.